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a level pyschology > ATTACHMENTS > Flashcards

ATTACHMENTS Flashcards

1
Q

whats attachment

A

a close two way bond between 2 individuals in which an individual sees the other as essential for emotional security

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2
Q

why do we form attachments

A

to form bonds with adults who will protect and nurture
this is because babies are born at an early development stage

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3
Q

what are short and long term benefits when forming attachments

A

short- survival
long- template for future relationships

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4
Q

whats reciprocity

A

caregiver- infant interaction where they respond to signals and cause a response from eachother

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5
Q

whats an alert phase

A

when babies signal they are ready for interaction eg: eye contact

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6
Q

how often do mothers react to alert phases

A

Feldman and Eidelman 2007
mothers respond 2/3 of the time although this varies due to external factors

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7
Q

whats active involvement

A

babies and caregivers can initiate interactions and take this in turns. usually described as a ‘dance’

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8
Q

whats interactional synchrony

A

caregiver and baby reflect actions and emotions at the same time, mirroring each other

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9
Q

CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS
meltzoff and moore

A

aimed to investigate the age at which imitation occurs in a child.
They videotaped 6-21-day-old babies
found synchrony begins as young as 2 weeks

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10
Q

what did isabelle study in caregiver and infant interactions

A

observed 30 babies for quality of attachment
high levels of synchrony associated with a better attachment

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11
Q

who is the father

A

anyone who takes on the role of the male caregiver, could be biological or not
schaffer and emerson-
3% of fathers PCG
27% JOINT PCG

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12
Q

ROLE OF THE FATHER
what did grossman do 2002

A

longitudinal study
attachment from babies to teens
mothers was related fathers not
quality of play was related
more play, better quality

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13
Q

ROLE OF THE FATHER
father as primary caregiver

A

fathers can take on more of an emotional role as pc
we see behaviours eg: smiling ( reciprocity )imitating ( IS ) as seen in fields study

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14
Q

ROLE OF THE FATHER
what did field do ?

A

4 month old babies with: PCG FATHERS, PCG MOTHERS , SCG FATHERS
pcg father held hands, giggled and smiled more, have potential to be emotionally focussed

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15
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
schaffer and emerson key study AIM

A

to observe stages of attachment, longitudinal study

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16
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
schaffer and emerson
PROCEDURE

A

60 babies
family working class in glasgow
asked mothers ab separation anxiety, used to test attachment

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17
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
ASOCIAL

A

First Few Weeks
attachment to humans and non eg: teddies
babies prefer with humans that are familiar

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18
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
indiscriminate

A

2-7 months
shows more observable behaviours
clear preference to people
accept comfort from anyone
separation and stranger anx

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19
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
specific

A

7 months
attachment towards 1 person
reciprocation
65% the mother

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20
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
multiple

A

10-11 months
shows att to multiple ( primary and secondary )

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21
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- LORENZ
AIM

A

to test imprinting
do animals really imprint on first thing they see

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22
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
procedure

A

split goose eggs into experimental and control
control- mother, pond
experiment- lorenz, incubator

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23
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
FINDINGS

A

experiment followed lorenz
control followed mother
geese imprinted on first living

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24
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
CONCLUSION

A

birds imprint on first living
followed and picked up behaviours
developed sexual imprinting on same species in future

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25
define imprinting
an innate readiness to form a close attachment with first living thing, picking up behaviours too
26
define ‘innate’
a biological drive that is with us from birth
27
define ‘innate’
a biological drive that is with us from birth
28
whats a critical period
time where the imprinting must take place if attachment doesnt, it never will Hess said 12-17 hours after hatch
29
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW aim
to study affects of maternal deprivation and isolation food vs comfort in animals
30
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW procedure
16 baby rhesus monkeys seperated from mothers into cages with 2 surrogate mums recorded time spent with each
31
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW what were the 2 conditions
C1: wire dispensed milk C2: cloth dispensed milk
32
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW findings
22 hours on cloth monkeys found comfort from cloth when scared and explored with toys when near cloth ( secure base )
33
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW conclusion
monkeys with surrogate mothers were more timid and experienced mating troubles comfort over food
34
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW define ‘contact comfort’
boduly comfort more important than food when developing an attachment
35
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW define maternal deprivation
no attachment formed
36
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW whats the critical period in monkeys?
90 days if less, effects can be reversed where attachments can formed
37
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW follow up study
isolated monkeys from birth with no contact at all. monkeys then: rocked, were aggressive
38
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW difference between privation and deprivation
privation- att. never formed deprivation- att. broken
39
ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ whats courtship behaviour
birds who imprinted on humans showed courtship behaviour ( this is where they showed mating behaviour to things that arent other geese )
40
ANIMAL STUDIES- LORENZ case study of sexual imprinting
1952 peacock raised in reptile house first living- tortoise only showed courtship behaviour to tortoises when adult
41
EXPLANATIONS OF ATT. LEARNING THEORY classical conditioning
baby forms association between food and feeling of being fed food( US) - pleasure ( UR ) etc CONSISTENT PAIRING
42
EXPLANATION OF ATT. THE LEARNING THEORY operant conditioning
crying causes caregiver to resp ( pos reinforcement for baby ) comfort causes crying to stop ( negative reinforcement 4 CG) combination of these reinforcements strengthens attachment
43
EXPLANATION OF ATT. THE LEARNING THEORY define drive reduction
hunger is primary drive as its an innate biological drive to eat. attachment- secondary drive as caregiver provides food, the primary drive gets generalised to the caregiver
44
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY what was his overall idea
he saw humans like animals , that we have an innate drive ti form attachments which gives us an adaptive advantage. att is evolved to be protected
45
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY what is bowlby’s synchronym
SO M A G I C
46
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY SO
innate ‘cute’ characteristics which encourages attention eg: smiling, giggling getting caregiver to reciprocate, forming attachment
47
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY M
monotropy one special attachment w pcg figure is a secure base
48
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY whats the law of continuity
more constance of care, the stronger the attachment less separation the better
49
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY A
adaptive attachments give babies adaptive advantage to help them survive eg: food, water
50
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY G
good quality care must be responsive
51
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY I
internal working model infant forms schema through monotropic attachment acts as a blueprint for future relationships
52
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY C
critical period 0-2.5 years in humans if att is broken in this period, baby will be damaged
53
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION participants
100 middle class American infants and mothers
54
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION what were they measuring?
stranger anx seperation anx reunion behaviour exploratory behaviour
55
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION stages
1. baby enc to explore 2. stranger enters and approaches 3. caregiver leaves 4. returns, stranger leaves 5. caregiver leaves bby alone 6. stranger returns 7. stranger leaves
56
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION what were the 3 categories
secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant
57
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION percentage of secure and explain
70% happy to explore, needed to see some stranger and sep requires and accepts comfort
58
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION percentage of IA and explain
15% explores with no seek little to no seperation and stranger avoids contact at reunion
59
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION I.R percentage and explanation
15% explores less, near secure base large stranger and seperation holds a grudge, resists comfort
60
CULTURAL VARIATIONS van ljeendoorn and kroonenberg procedure
looked at 32 studies of attachment that used ainsworths SS studies then meta analysed
61
CULTURAL VARIATIONS van ljzeendoorn and kroonenberg findings
secure attachment most common in all germany- highest I.A china- 25% I.A and I.R israel and japan- high I.R
62
CULTURAL VARIATIONS Simonelli - procedure
looked into 76 babies in the SS in italy
63
CULTURAL VARIATIONS Simonelli Findings
50% secure, 36% I.A 14% I.R higher rate of I.A compared to other research this is because more mothers are working and using childcare
64
CULTURAL VARIATIONS JIN
used 87 korean babies in the strange situation to test attachment type secure- most common 1 insecure avoidant many insecure resistant
65
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION define maternal deprivation
long term separation from primary attachment and lose of emotional care
66
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION affect 1 of maternal dep 🧠
delayed intellectual development characterised by low IQ this is supported by adoptive studies eg: rutter
67
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION affect 2
emotional development may develop attachment psychopathy inability to feel guilt and strong emotions
68
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION 44 thieves procedure
44 criminal thieves and interviewed for att psychopathy families interviewed sample compared to 44 emotionally disturbed
69
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION 44 thieves findings
2/44 in control MD 5/30- experienced MD 12/14- MD affected 14/44 - AP
70
INSTITUTIONALISATION define
effects of living in an institutional space for a long period of time eg: orphanages
71
INSTITUTIONALISATION RUTTERS PROCEDURE
followed 165 orphans adopted by people in UK part of english romanian adoptive development assessed at 4.6.11.15
72
INSTITUTIONALISATION rutters aim
can good care make up for earlier experiences
73
INSTITUTIONALISATION control group in rutters study
52 ful uk adoptees
74
INSTITUTIONALISATION rutters findings
showed delayed intelligence and malnourishment those adopted before 6 months were able to catch up by 4 years old
75
INSTITUTIONALISATION Zeanah study 2005
assessed 95 romanian children aged 12-31 months who spend lives in institutions compared to control measured through SS 74% control were secure compared to 19% in institution
76
INSTITUTIONALISATION first affect of institutionalisation ( emotional )
disinhibited attachment clinginess and att seeking due to multiple caregivers
77
INSTITUTIONALISATION affect 2 ( intellectual)
IQ lower, struggles at school
78
EARLY ATT ON LATER how did ainsworths attachment categories find later romantic relationships
secure- loving and seek healthy relationships I.A- emotionally distant, uninvolved I.R - controlling and argumentative
79
early attachment on later kerns
babies with secure attachments form best friendships I.A and I.R would have difficulties
80
early attachment on later myron and smith
assessed link between bullying and att type secure- uninvolved I.A- victim I.R - bully
81
early attachment on later hazen and shaver procedure
620 responses to love quiz in newspaper - current relations - past - att type
82
early attachment on later hazen and shaver findings
56% Secure in long lasting 25% I.A jealous, fear of intimacy 19%- overthink
83
early attachment on later whats the study that shows attachment type carries on from parent to parent
Bailey looked at attention of 99 mothers on their babies to their own mothers majority had same attachment, measured through strange situation
84
whats prolonged pairing
the association between mother and pleasure over and over until it becomes an association
85
early attachment and later mccarthys produre and findings
40 women who were assessed as infants in the strange situation secure- best relationships i.a- avoided romantic relationships i.r- maintaining friendship

a level pyschology (18 decks)

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