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a level pyschology > RELATIONSHIPS > Flashcards

RELATIONSHIPS Flashcards

1
Q

define evolution

A

each thing has a set of characteristics which is encoded by genes, the offspring receives this during reproduction
therefore the variation between organisms is the difference in genotypes

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2
Q

3 main steps in evolution

A

to live to reproductive age
to mate successfully
to ensure offspring survival

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3
Q

whats natural selection

A

the ability to survive in a specific environment

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4
Q

whats sexual selection

A

the ability to attract and reproduce, the attributes and behaviours that inc reproductivity are passed onto future generations

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5
Q

whats anisogamy

A

the difference between male and female cells
male- continuous and cheap
f- produce in intervals and limited for no of years+ expensive
female is rare- 2 mating strategies

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6
Q

whats inter sexual selection and whats the female preference

A

selection of mates between sexes eg: strategies female use to attract
female- quality over quantity as they want the best for their offspring

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7
Q

what is the male preference within inter sexual selection

A

reproductive success, they aim to reproduce a lot and usually go for a large hip to waist ratio which reflects ability to reproduce

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8
Q

whats the impact of inter sexual selection

A

females become more choosy as they want the best for their offspring ( sexy sons hypothesis )

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9
Q

whats intra sexual selection

A

the selection of mates within sexes eg: males compete with other males for female access

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10
Q

what do males go for within intra sexual selection

A

quantity, they want to compete for female access as sperm is plentiful “ the winners “ pass on traits

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11
Q

whats the impact of intra sexual selection

A

dimorphism, males have exaggerated characteristics to become attractive however a weakness of this is that it also attracts predators

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12
Q

strength of evolutionary explanation

A

review of lonley hearts study found males go for young women and males go for professional and wealthy
SUPPORTS EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

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13
Q

strength 2 of evolutionary explanation

A

a study was completed where students were i asked ‘ i find you attractive, would you go to bed w me’
0% women
75% males
supports f is choosy and m have evolved a strategy to reproduce

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14
Q

weakness of evolutionary explanation

A

buss claims sexual selection theory is too simplistic as it states different strategies used for different sexes

buss suggests the same strategy is used when looking for long term partners

SUGGESTS OVER SIMPLISTIC AND PROPOSES A MORE COMPLEX THEORY WHICH CONSIDERS CONTEXT

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15
Q

weakness 2 of evolutionary theory

A

partner preferences have been influenced by changing social norms and culture
eg: contraception, changing workplace roles
partner preference no longer resource orientated
EE DOESN’T CONSIDER CULTURE BOTH, limited

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16
Q

define physical attraction

A

assumes we seek to form relationships with most attractive

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17
Q

whats the evolutionary explanation within physical attractiveness

A

attraction is result of sexual evolution, using attractions as a symbol of genetic fitness

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18
Q

what was the study of evolutionary explanation within physical attractiveness

A

Shackleford: found people w symmetrical faces attractive. Baby face features eg: big eyes, small nose to represent caring feauture

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19
Q

strength of evolutionary explanation within physical attractiveness

A

research support
found women w big eyes and large nose were rated as attracted across white, asian and hispanic
features consistent across cultures

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20
Q

whats the halo effect within physical attractiveness

A

people who are seen as attractive are seen in a positive light

Dion found people who were kind sociable and successful were attractive when compared to others

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21
Q

strength of halo effect

A

research support.
found attractive politically education and competent.
supports theory but raises the question of if we chose politics based of suitability or attractiveness

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22
Q

whats the matching hypothesis

A

we look for partners that are on a similar level of attractiveness to what we think of ourselves

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23
Q

strength of matching

A

feingold research support
meta analysed 17 studies of rl couples and found correlation between partners attractiveness, supports

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24
Q

weakness of matching hypothesis

A

walsters computer dance
students invited and matched up w partners
secretly judged by panel
during intervals and 4-6m later partners were asked if they wanted a second date and if they found partner attractive.
found higher appreciation of partners than themselves

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25
define self disclosure
revealing personal information and true self to partner, even dark secrets to become more intimate due to more disclosure
26
whats the social penetration theory
the sp theory suggests we gradually reveals emotion. reciprocal sharing of experiences. people develop a greater understanding of each other and trust increases
27
who suggests the onion metaphor and what is it
altman and taylor self disclosure is a process of removing layers
28
whats breadth and depth
breadth is the outer layer of self disclosure, the low level risk information depth is the deep information, which increases self disclosure
29
whats reciprocity within self disclosure
shaver stated for a relationship to develop, there needs to be reciprocity a balance in sp inc intimacy
30
whats depenetration
dissatisfied partners share less until disengaged
31
strength of self disclosure
research support strong correlation between satisfication and sd, men and women who use sd and reciprocity were more committed. supports however only correlation
32
strength 2 of self disclosure
in depth research . 57% homosexual men and women rely on sd as maintenance, couples w less communication are enc to use . supports and in depth
33
weakness of self disclosure
cultural variations. people in us sd more than china and there is no difference in satisfaction. sd may be accurate in individualistic not collectivist
34
weakness 2 self disclosure
contradicting research . sp claims sd is associated with higher satisfaction however when a relationship breaks, partners disclose more and often, but this doesn’t save the relationship. contradicts theory
35
whats the filter theory
an explanation of attraction that states a series of factors that limit the range of desirables
36
who compared attitudes between long term and short term relationships in student couples
kerchoff and davis
37
1st filter- social demography
influence chance of meeting eg: age, location anyone too different gets filtered meaningful encounters w those physically close
38
2nd filter- similarity
share basic beliefs for couples less than 18 months promotes communication and growth
39
3rd filter- complimentary
similarity replaced, opposites attract, partner balances traits w opposite eg: one can cook, one cant
40
strength of filter
research support, couples completed questionnaire on similarity of attitudes and complimentary of needs. complimentary of needs in lt and similarity in st, supports
41
weakness of filter theory
original findings not replicated. this could be due to social changes and assumptions that partners over 18m must be more committed. reduces validity
42
weakness 2 of filter
research contradict 2013( modern ) found lesbians in a long term relationship were more satisfied when equal in relationship eg; both can cook. similarity associated w lt in some
43
weakness 3 of filter
actual similarity linked to brief interactions perceived more important some suggest perceive similarity as they grow more attracted to each-other. PS MAY BE AN EFFECT OF ATTRACTION NOT CAUSE this isnt predicted by filter theory
44
whats the social exchange theory
suggests relationships can be explained through economics- an exch of goods THIABUT AND KELLEY 1959
45
explain rewards and costs within social exchange
costs- rewards= satisfaction minimax theory profitable relationships continue benefits: friendship, emotion supp negative: time money arguing
46
whats the first stage within social exchange
sampling - exploring rewards and costs
47
whats the second stage within social exchange
bargaining - negotiating costs and rewards
48
whats the third stage within social exchange
committment - relationship becomes stable due to costs decreasing and rewards increasing
49
whats the fourth stage within social exchange
institutionalisation norms are established costs and rewards don’t fluctuate as relationship is locked in and extremely stable
50
whats committment level?
a judgement of what level of rewards we deserve based on level of self esteem high se- high CL low- low CL
51
whats CL alternative
cl alternative is where we analyse if being with another or breaking off our relationship would lead to a more rewarding situation THEREFORE WE STAY WITH PARTNERS IF WE TRULY BELIEVE NO OTHER SITUATION COULD BE MORE REWARDING
52
one strength of social exchange theory
research support. interviewed homosexual and heterosexual couples ,they perceive they had rewards and few costs if committed. alternatives were also said to be unattractive. supports and findings are generalised to all types of couples
53
one weakness within social exchange
studies into SET ignore equity, which suggests fairness over balance, therefore SET is limited and cant account for important equity research.
54
weakness 2 within social exchange
SET claims we become dissatisfied if we perceive costs outweigh rewards. it has been argued that costs follow dissatisfaction. cant establish cause and effect as it is only a relationship, direction may be opposite
55
weakness 3 within social exchange
costs and rewards hard to define as they may change over time due to social norms. CL and CLAlt are unclear as they do not state what leads to dissatisfaction. SET hard to test as we cant operationalise due to these issues.
56
whats equity
equity is where people strive to achieve fairness over balance, through inputs and outputs
57
equity is not…
EQUALITY the theory suggests its not the amount of rewards and costs but the ratio of the two
58
whats inequity
if inequity is perceived, dissatisfaction will inc eg: one putting in more effort than another
59
what do we do to resolve inequity
behavioural changes - more/ less effort cognitive changes - change demands
60
strength of equity theory
research support. utne surveyed 118 married couples (16-45), relationship that were equitable were more satisfied . supports theory, high ext validity
61
weakness of equity
research contradicts . equity doesn’t inc over time as theory suggests, they didn’t find a difference within ended and carried on relationships. SD more important . dec validity
62
weakness 2 of equity
cultural differences . individualistic equitable however collectivist preferred over benefiting. doesnt apply universally, therefore is ethnocentric
63
weakness 3 equity
individual differences . some people happy to contribute more and “ entitles “ like to over benefit. reduces validity as not universal and cant be applied to all ( equity theory suggested everyone desires equity )
64
whats rusbults investment model
suggests committment depends on - satisfaction - alternatives - investment
65
what does rusbults model look like
3 factors- com level- stay or leave
66
whats an intrinsic investment
something we put into the relationship eg: time, money, effort
67
whats an extrinsic investment
the shared things that may be lost if the relationship ends eg: memories, house, children
68
whats a maintenance behaviour
communication behaviors used to ensure the continuation of valued relationships eg: forgiveness, promotion
69
strength 1 of rusbults
rusbult asked students in heterosexual relstionships to complete questionnaire over 7 months and found committed = more satisfaction, lower investment and lower alternatives. supports 3 factors
70
strength 2 rusbults
le agnew meta analysed and found 3 factors predicted committment and length of relationship in both genders, cultures and sexualities
71
strength 3 of rusbults
study of abused women staying in shelter found those who reported high investment and low alternatives would go back due to high committment level
72
weakness of rusbults
may be more to invest than resources eg: early relationship partners make dec investment but invest in future plans which inc committment. original model limited.
73
what does ducks phase model suggest
the ending of a relationship is a long process that takes time
74
whats the first stage within ducks phase model
intra- psychic one partner is dissatisfied but doesnt discuss
75
threshold of intra psychic stage
“ i cant stand this anymore “
76
whats the second stage within ducks phase model
dyadic they discuss dissatisfaction
77
threshold in dyadic stage
“ i would be justified in leaving “
78
whats the third stage in ducks phase mode
social phase seek support from friends, they may choose sides relationship has ended
79
threshold of social phase
“ i mean it “
80
whats the last stage of ducks phase model and the first threshold
grave dressing stage suitable story to put you in a positive light “ its inevitable “
81
second threshold of grave dressing stage
“ time to get a new life “
82
strength of ducks phase
real world application, repair strategies may be effective in some stages eg: communication in dyadic. model provides rw insights
83
weakness of ducks phase
cultural differences, based on breakdown in individualistic cultures where relationships are voluntary, not collectivistic eg: arranged. ethnocentric and hard to generalise
84
weakness 2 of ducks phase
rollie and duck added resurrection in which ex partners apply this relationship to future relationships. doesn’t consider complexity of breakdown
85
weakness 3 ducks phase
limited detail. ducks model describes breakdowns but not why they occur. model may be improved using other theories.
86
whats an example of dimorphism to talk about
the peacocks tail
87
name 3 differences between male gametes and female gametes
- sperm is small and highly mobile - female gametes require energy, males dont - ova is produced in intervals for a limited no of years, sperm continuously
88
sd within virtual
sd happens at different rates in virtual relationships due to 2 factors reduced cues theory hyperpersonal model
89
whats the reduced cues theory
virtual relationships less effective due to lack of nonverbal cues ( eg: physical appearance, facial expressions) lack of cues lead to deinviduation people feel freer from contraints of social norms and leads to blunt communication and reluctance to self disclosure
90
hyperpersonal
suggests sd happens quicker in virtual relationships, therefore the relationship develops sender has control of how they present themself anonymity can help disclose
91
define absence of gating
in real life ohr attraction to others may be influenced by appearance, manners however in virtual, these barriers are absent
92
whats a parasocial relationship
one sided with a celebrity/ important person in society
93
who found levels of parasocial
giles and maltby
94
name 3 stages of parasocial relationship
entertainment intense personal borderline pathological
95
whats the absorption addiction model
mccutcheon absorb- seeking fulfillment addiction- a psychological addiction, needs to ind dose to gain satisfaction

a level pyschology (18 decks)

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