Attatchment Flashcards

Question

What is specific attachment?

Answer 1

- infants separation protest towards one person, they form an attachment and a preference to - joy at reunion and most comforted by this person - they show stranger anxiety

Answer 2

Multiple attachments - from 12 months

Answer 3

- Children are able to form attachments with several people - They have at least one other attatchment

Answer 4

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 5

A longitudinal, naturalistic, observational study

Answer 6

Observer 60 Glasgow infants, the mothers were visited at home and interviewed about the infants responses to seperation (separation anxiety) and unfamiliar adults (stranger anxiety).

Answer 7

The mothers self reports of infant protests showed between 25 and 32 weeks of age, about half of the babies showed separation anxiety towards a particular adult usually the mother By 40 weeks, 80% of babies had specific attachments and almost 30% displayed multiple/ simultaneous attachments

Answer 8

At 18 months only 13% of the infants were attached to just one person and 75% of infant had formed an attachment with the father

Answer 9

The strength of attachments formed by babies with their caregiver, by observing the babies behaviour when they were separated from caregivers and put in the presence of strangers

Answer 10

A strength is that the results had high ecological validity because the study was a naturalistic observation. - Good external validity, naturalistic observation have high ecological validity and generalise how babies and their caregivers behave in everyday life - mundane realism

Answer 11

A weakness of the study is that the research may have been prone to observer bias. - Observer bias - the tendency for researchers to see what they expect when conducting the observation, they had an established hypothesis, greater sensitive responsiveness lead to stronger attachments, so they may have incorrectly rates sensitive mothers to have strong attachments to their babies - questions the validity of the study

Answer 12

A weakness of the study is that the results may be prone to social desirability bias due to the use of an interview. - interview technique, they may give inaccurate answers they think are socially desirable (social desirability bias) - caregivers may not have been honest, and said babies cried less than they did

Answer 13

Learning theory and Bowlbys mono tropic theory of attachment

Answer 14

Cupboard love they

Answer 15

children learn to love whoever feeds them

Answer 16

- Food is the unconditioned stimulus - Being fed brings pleasure: an unconditioned response - The caregiver starts as a neutral stimulus but by providing food over time, this person becomes associated with the food, so becomes a conditioned stimulus - Once the conditioning has taken place, the sight of the caregiver produces a conditioned response of pleasure

Answer 17

Attachments are learnt through the process conditioning according to the learning theory

Answer 18

That attachments are learned through the experience of being fed by caregivers The reason babies form attachments with their caregivers is because their caregiver feeds them And the way attachments are learned is through the process of classical and operant conditioning

Answer 19

If an action has a pleasurable outcome, it will be repeated (positive reinforcement) Babies cry and their cry receives positive reinforcement (food) so babies cry

Answer 20

Mutual reinforcement strengths attachment. Caregivers become associated with the reward of pleasant feelings Attachment occurs because the infant seeks the person who can supply the reward

Answer 21

when we learn to associate our actions with outcomes.

Answer 22

positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 23

When we learn to repeat a behaviour to avoid an unrewarding outcome

Answer 24

When we learn to repeat a behaviour to get a rewarding outcome

Answer 25

that attachments are learned by experience through classical and operant conditioning and are driven by the infant’s desire for food.

Answer 26

Strengths: Dollard and Millers observations indicate that the learning theory of attachment is believable Researches Dollard and Miller, found that in the first year of their life babes get fed over 2000 times by their caregivers, which gives baby plenty of opportunity to form an association between caregivers and getting fed.

Answer 27

Weakness: A limitation of the learning theory is that it suggests that food is the key element on the formation of attachment. It is not supported by Harlows monkey study, this doesn't support the learning theory of attachment Harlows study found that babies prefer surrogate mothers who provide comfort over the mothers that provide food suggesting attachments are driven by comfort and not food. This undermines the learning theory as the basis of attachment formation

Answer 28

Weakness: It is not supported by findings from the metapelets in Israel. The metapelets feed the babies, however the mother gives the comfort, and the infants still form a close relationship attachment bond with the mothers. This is also rejected in favour of Bowlby theory which can explain why attachments form as an evolutionary mechanism that ensures survival

Answer 29

Harlows monkey study

Answer 30

8 Baby monkeys were taken from their mothers and kept alone and raised in cages in isolation in a controlled laboratory they were divided into two groups, in both groups, instead of real mothers they were given 2 surrogate mothers, one mother made of an uncomfortable wire material, and the other made of soft towel material In One condition, milk was dispensed from the wire mother and in another condition, milk was dispensed from the cloth mother

Answer 31

He tested the effects of separation on infant rhesus monkeys and whether they attach for comfort or for food

Answer 32

Baby monkeys cuddles the soft cloth mother in preference to the wire mother and sought comfort from the cloth mother when frightened regardless of which dispensed the milk This showed that contact comfort was when frightener important for monkey attachment that food

Answer 33

How much time the babies spent with each mother

Answer 34

If the learning theory of attachment was correct and babies attachment are really driven by food, then monkeys would always prefer the mum providing the food

Answer 35

Infants do not develop attachment to the one who feds them, but the one who provides contact comfort

Answer 36

Strength: lab study so controlled conditions, cause and effect relationship can be established between the type of surrogate mother proving milk and the monkeys behaviour Could control all Extraneous variables that could have influenced the baby monkeys development: living conditions, amount of milk produced

Answer 37

Weakness: The study was conducted on monkey and not human babies, therefore the results might lack generalisability and not tell us much about how humans form attachments Whilst psychologist accept that rhesus monkeys are similar to humans, they are not human and psychologist disagree on the extent to which studies of non human primates are not representative

Answer 38

Weakness: It has been said that it is unethical, separated baby monkeys from mothers and raised them in social isolation, been distressing to both baby and mother could not give conformed consent to the study and could have caused emotional stress to the monkeys and physiological harm in the distressing situation

Answer 39

'Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health'

Answer 40

Psychoanalytic and evolutionary theory to suggest that innate, instinctive drives motivate infant behaviours to maintain proximity with the mother.

Answer 41

The mono tropic theory of attachment

Answer 42

As he believed food was not the only reason attachment was created

Answer 43

He thought they were so incredibly important to a babies development, and also determine the babies survival

Answer 44

That attachment is biological preprogrammed into us from birth, babies are born with an instinctive need to form a strong attachment to their caregiver

Answer 45

Attachments are biologically preprogrammed into use from birth and serve to protect babies from danger And caregivers are biologically preprogrammed instate to attach to their babies - deep desire to love and look after

Answer 46

Monotropy is the concept that infants have an innate capacity and drive to attach to one primary caregiver or attachment figure. A SINGLE EXCLUSIVE BOND

Answer 47

The attachment bond is unique, between infant and the main caregiver, they can't form an attachment bond with anyone else. The infant should receive constant and predictable care from this caregiver, ideally not experiencing any separation from them Bowlby did accept that there would be other attachments fro a child but he believed that there should be a primary bond which was more important than any other

Answer 48

Lorez found that goslings followed the first single moving thing usually their mother, from an early age as they are imprinted on her. This is reflected in human attachment to one primary caregiver

Answer 49

Schaffer and Emerson found that multiple attachments was the norm for babies

Answer 50

Bowlby originally suggested a child should receive continuous care of this single most important attachment figure for about the first two and a half years of life. If the attachment is not formed by this time, a child will find it much harder to form an attachment relationship later on.

Answer 51

The time window during which babies can form an attachment to their main caregiver

Answer 52

Lorenz found that geese had a window of opportunity to imprint (a few hours). Bowlby used this information to develop the critical period for human attachment as 2 1/2 years Harlow also found that monkeys development was impaired if they did not have maternal care in the critical period

Answer 53

Hodges & Tizard found children adopted as late as 7 years old established string affectionate relationships with adoptive parents. At 16, these relationships were found to be as strong as those children who were raised continuously in their own families

Answer 54

A mental representation of the relationship with the primary caregiver; a child with a secure and loving attachment would have a mental representation of the caregiver as responsive and sensitive a mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver that becomes a template for future relationships and allows individuals to predict, control and manipulate their environment.

Answer 55

A schema built from relationships with main attachment figure that guides the Childs expectation and future beliefs about relationships

Answer 56

Frameworks that we build based on experience

Answer 57

The idea that early relationships with caregivers predict later relationships in adulthood.

Answer 58

Crying attracts the attention of their caregivers and helps the babies get what they want

Answer 59

Behaviour that attracts attention of caregivers, they don't happen by coincide, the are biologically preprogrammed

Answer 60

Crying, smiling, following in order to get what they need

Answer 61

Social releasers are behaviours that babies perform to attract the attention of their caregivers

Answer 62

babies instinctively exhibit social releasers to elicit responses from adults

Answer 63

He conducted a study on baby geese to see the effects of imprinting

Answer 64

Lorenz split the eggs into two groups. One group was left to hatch normally, in the presence of the mother goose, the way the geese are normally born. The second group were hatched in an incubator, away from their mother. Lorenz made sure to be the first thing these baby geese saw when they hatched. The group that were hatched normally were the control group. The group that were hatched in the incubator were the experimental group.

Answer 65

He also found that early imprinting affects later meeting preferences, called sexual imprinting. Birds will choose to mate with the same kind of object upon which they were imprinted

Answer 66

The incubator group followed Loren everywhere whereas the control group followed their mother. When the two groups were mixed, the control group continued to follow their mother and the experimental group followed Lorenz

Answer 67

Baby geese form an attachment to the first thing they see when they’re born. Baby geese form attachments immediately after birth, suggesting the attachment is biologically pre-programmed.

Answer 68

Lorenz identified a critical period in which imprinting needed to take place which could be as brief as a few hours for some species

Answer 69

critical period

Answer 70

Supports the idea that attachments are biologically preprogrammed

Answer 71

Supports the idea of the critical period

Answer 72

Guiton found that, although baby chickens imprint onto the first object they see, this imprinting can be reversed. For instance, if a chicken imprinted onto a spade, it could still form an attachment to its mother. Guiton’s findings provide counter-evidence for the idea that attachments are monotropic didn't complete replicate Lorenz study, which is a weakness as it suggest the results were not completely replicated in later studies

Answer 73

The results may not generalise to humans because the study was conducted on baby geese who may have different mechanisms of attachment to human babies. Baby geese are very different, baby geese are pretty fully functioning geese when humans are born we can't walk or feed ourself, we are totally dependent on our parents.

Answer 74

Strength: Observations of metapelets in Israel support the idea that attachments are formed to the main caregiver who provides emotional support and comfort, and that attachments are monotropic

Answer 75

Weakness: The idea that attachments are monotropic are not supported by Schaffer and Emerson’s study of stages. attachment doesn’t support Bowlby’s theory, because they found that in the multiple attachment stage, 87% of babies formed an attachment to two or more caregivers.

Answer 76

A strength of Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment is the clear evidence it provides for the role of social releasers in triggering caregiver interactions. Social releasers are innate baby behaviors, such as crying or smiling, that encourage caregivers to respond, promoting emotional bonding. T. Berry Brazelton, who observed that when babies' social releasers were ignored by their primary caregivers, the infants became increasingly distressed and some even lay motionless. This supports the idea that these behaviors are crucial in the development of attachment, as they prompt the caregiver to provide comfort and security, reinforcing emotional bonds.

Answer 77

sees attachments as biologically pre-programmed through evolution.

Answer 78

of attachment says attachments are learnt through conditioning.

Answer 79

It had some positive everyday applications such as longer visiting hours for hospitals and longer parental leave.

Answer 80

'What is believed to be essential for mental health is that an infant and young child should experience a §warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother'

Answer 81

Directly attributed to early childhood

Answer 82

That there would be negative long term consequences for children deprived of contact with their mother when the first attachments are being formed (critical period)

Answer 83

If the child does not have continuous, unbroken care from the mother during the critical period, their social, emotional and cognitive development will be impaired

Answer 84

Brief separations with suitable substitute care are not problematic for development but exuded separations can lead to deprivation which, by definition causes harm

Answer 85

- Delinquency - increased aggression - 'affectionless psychopathy' - impairments in the ability to form later relationships - reduced intelligence - separation anxiety

Answer 86

If the child does not have continuous care fromONE main attachment figure in the CRITICAL PERIOD they will suffer the consequences of maternal deprivation

Answer 87

Anti social behaviour

Answer 88

inability to experience guilt or emotions for others

Answer 89

abnormally low IQ

Answer 90

fear that the separation will happen again

Answer 91

They never have a loving attachment figure during the critical period. They are separated from their loving attachment figure during the critical period.

Answer 92

On studies conducted in the 1930's and 1940's of children brought up in residential nurseries

Answer 93

A longitudinal study of 15 pairs of children aged 10-14

Answer 94

When children are deprived of an attachment figure during the critical period, they suffer psychological damage and the psychological damage caused by deprivation is long-lasting and irreversible.

Answer 95

15 pairs of children aged 10-14 One group were posted soon after birth, the other group spent 3 years in an institution, then were fostered The institutionalised group performed less well in a range of emotional and cognitive measures. These deficits could be attributed to a lack of attachment figure during the institutionalised years.

Answer 96

However this was not a randomised sample, it simply possible that the brighter or more sociable children were more likely to have been fostered.

Answer 97

- impaired cognitive development - impaired emotional development - impaired behavioural development

Answer 98

- low IQ - poor language skills - difficulty with attention and memory

Answer 99

- struggle to control emotions - struggle to form relationships with others

Answer 100

- delinquency - deprived children behave badly

Answer 101

Genie was severely neglected, isolated and maltreated by her parents in their home, given a minimal amount of food and had virtually no communication directed at her. When she was discovered aged 13, she was malnourished, underdeveloped, could not speak and showed inappropriate emotional responses. Despite fostering and intellectual stimulation, little progress was made in her social or cognitive development; she never recovered from her years of privation.

Answer 102

This shows that the effects of privation are permanent

Answer 103

It is possible that Genie had learning difficulties before she was isolated and privation may not have been the cause of her difficulties

Answer 104

A case study is a detailed investigation of a single individual, or a small group of individuals.

Answer 105

44 thieves study

Answer 106

44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing

Answer 107

He interviewed the adolescents about their childhood and looked for signs of affectionless psychopathy (characterised by lack of affection, guilt and empathy). Their families were interviewed to establish whether the 'theives' had prolonged early separation from their mothers. He compared them to a control group of 44 non criminal but emotionally disturbed children to see how often material separation occurred in the children who were not thieves

Answer 108

He found that 14 thieves could described as affectionless psychopaths. Of these 12, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers in their first 2 years of life. In contrast only 5 of the remaining 30 thieves had experienced similar separations. Only 2 of the 22 in the control group had experienced long separations.

Answer 109

That prolonged early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

Answer 110

In the group of thieves Bowlby found that 32% of them had serve difficulties forming relationship with other people

Answer 111

Why they had turned to a life of crime

Answer 112

The children behaved delinquent children in his clinic behaved that way because they had experienced deprivation in his early childhood

Answer 113

A limitation of Bowlby’s study is that it relied on retrospective data and clinical interviews, which are susceptible to memory bias and inaccuracy. since Bowlby himself designed and conducted the study, there is a risk of experimenter bias, where his personal beliefs or interpretations could have influenced both the diagnosis of affectionless psychopathy and the overall findings. This could undermine the objectivity and validity of the conclusions drawn from the study.

Answer 114

One limitation of the study is tat bowl by used interviews that are not reliable. Using self-report people aren’t always accurate and objective when describing their feelings, attitudes and behaviours. Memory of past events is always very accurate - memory can be bias by leading questions and post event discussion - bowl by asked them to recall events from when they were young infants

Answer 115

Rutter agreed with Bowlby that maternal deprivation is linked to antisocial behavior, but argued that there is no simple cause-and-effect relationship between maternal deprivation and delinquency. One limitation of natural experiments is Researchers have little control over extraneous variables that could influence the results.

Answer 116

If children are separated from their attachment figure during the critical period they will experience severe, long-term irreversible psychological damage. If children don’t have a loving attachment figure during their critical period they will experience severe long-term irreversible psychological damage.

Answer 117

That the effects of maternal deprivation can be reversed

Answer 118

- negative - irreversible

Answer 119

A strength of Bowlby’s theory is that it has had significant practical applications, particularly in the areas of daycare and hospital care, which have been influenced by his ideas about the importance of early attachment for later mental health.

Answer 120

A limitation of Bowlbys theory is that they are usually other confounding variables that can cause their psychological damage such as poverty and abuse, this makes it hard to establish cause and effect relationship between the deprivation and the psychological damage

Answer 121

Bowlby's idea of deprivation is overly simplified Rutter criticised Bowlbys theory of deprivation as he argued Bowlby confused deprivation with privation. It is privation which leads to delinquency, when a child never experienced love of a care giver and never forms attachment. Hawlow's rhesus monkeys were private they did not have the opportunity to develop a relationship with their mother. He argued the psychological effects of privation are much worse than deprivation

Answer 122

Privation is when a child never experiences an attachment figure

Answer 123

Deprivation is when a child forms an attachment to a caregiver, which is then removed

Answer 124

the effects of growing up in an orphanage or children's home.

Answer 125

unloving, neglectful parents - they experience privation

Answer 126

institutionalised

Answer 127

Because they very often experience privation, to understand the consequences of privation

Answer 128

conducted a natural experiment investigating 65 children who had been placed in a residential nursery before they were four months old after being placed in the nursery. Some of the children were adopted at a young age into new homes with adopted parents. Some of the children were subsequently returned to their biological parents and some of the children simply stayed in the residential nursery They studied the children's behaviour and development once they reach the age of 16 years later, in addition all three groups of children were compared to a control group who had not been institutionalised

Answer 129

They were interested in whether these three different experiences had different effects on the children's long-term development and future relationships.

Answer 130

Hodges and Tizard found that children who are adopted as young age had the best outcome overall compared to the control group these children were able to form strong loving relationships with their adopted parents despite the earlier probation. The children who remained in the institution until the age of 16 experienced impaired emotional development and struggle to form strong relationships with others. The children who are returned to their biological parents also displayed impaired emotional development and also struggled to form loving relationships.

Answer 131

The results support the idea that probation can have long lasting negative effect on a child's emotional development but these effects can be reversed if the children are placed and loving caring environment when they are still young. This also provides more evidence against Bowlby’s claim that the effect of being privatised of an attachment figure during the critical period leads to irreversible psychological damage.

Answer 132

ERA - England and Romanian Adoptee by Rutter

Answer 133

Romania was governed by a strict dictator called Nicola Charles School who believe that to become a richer country Romania needed a large population so he needed to increase the size of Romania's population. Nicolai decided to ban contraception and tax people who didn't have children Romania started to have more and more children and Romania is population group bigger but the people of Romania were too poor and couldn't afford to feed and care for all those children instead thousands of children were packed off and sent to orphanages which were also too poor to feed or care. Other countries realised how bad the situation had become in Romanian orphanages families across the UK

Answer 134

Large numbers of children were being held in Romanian orphanages, children were malnourished, had no toys and experienced minimal social interaction. This gave developmental psychologists in the UK unique opportunity to examine the long-term consequences of severe probation so Michael and his team began to study the Romanian orphans adopted in British families.

Answer 135

165 Romanian orphans, ages 4,6,11 and 15 Comparing 165 Romanian orphans to 52 British orphans Michael Rutter investigated the children's cognitive emotional and behavioural development through a series of observations tests and interviews

Answer 136

found that the children who are adopted from British orphanages displayed good emotional and cognitive development. These children were able to form loving secure relationships with their adopted parents and friends. The Romanian orphans who were adopted at a very young age before they were six months old displayed good emotional development despite the abusive conditions of the Romanian orphanages The Romanian orphans that were adopted after they were six months old experience severe psychological damage and struggled to form loving secure relationships with their families and also had behavioural and cognitive problems

Answer 137

Rutter found that the negative effects of long-term deprivation can be reversed if children are placed in a loving environment from a young age. However, he also discovered that British children adopted from orphanages after six months didn’t experience the same psychological damage as Romanian orphans, suggesting that the key factor in developmental outcomes was not just the age of adoption, but also the level of abuse, neglect, and overall treatment the children experienced in the orphanages.

Answer 138

The quality of attachment that the children develop depended in the age of adoption

Answer 139

Adopted under 6 months = rarely displayed disinhibited attachment Adopted over 6 months = displayed disinhibited attachment

Answer 140

Disinhibited attachment and Mental retardation

Answer 141

A weakness of adoption studies is the unknown long-term effects of early institutionalization. While some studies have followed the outcomes of children into their mid-teens, it is still too early to draw definitive conclusions about the lasting impact. Some children may "catch up" later in life, while others could develop emotional difficulties in adulthood. Although research suggests that the effects of deprivation may be irreversible, it is too soon to confirm this, and future studies may reveal a more complex picture.

Answer 142

Firstly, one weakness of the design is that there is a significant risk of attrition, where many participants may drop out of the study over time. This loss of participants is problematic because it can influence the results, as we don’t know what the outcomes were for the children and families who chose not to continue. It is likely that those who dropped out were the families whose children were struggling psychologically or exhibiting problematic behavior, meaning that the effects of deprivation may have been underestimated in the study.

Answer 143

A weakness of studies on institutionalization is that they may be prone to social desirability bias in interviews, where participants provide answers they believe are more socially acceptable rather than truthful. For example, adoptive parents may have wanted to appear as though their children were doing better than they actually were, potentially downplaying psychological issues. This could result in the effects of deprivation being underestimated. Therefore, there are two key limitations to the institutionalisation research: first, attrition in longitudinal studies, where families who likely had struggling children were more likely to drop out, leading to an underestimation of the negative effects of deprivation; and second, the possibility of social desirability bias, where adoptive families may have reported overly positive outcomes, further skewing the results.

Answer 144

- secure attachment - insecure avoidant attachment - insecure resistant attachment

Answer 145

Children can display different patterns of feelings, behaviours and expectations towards their caregivers.

Answer 146

Children display high stranger anxiety Children show happy reunion behaviour Children use their caregiver as a safe base Children display high separation anxiety - proximity seeking

Answer 147

Caregivers are sensitive to their child’s needs Children have formed a close, trusting relationship with their caregivers

Answer 148

- low separation anxiety/no proximity seeking - low stranger anxiety - Indifferent reunion behaviour - Children are happy to explore without using their caregiver as a safe base doesn't depend on caregiver, goes off and does his own thing, doesn't care when Caregiver is gone, is happy to explore

Answer 149

- not sensitive to infants - caregivers aren't very responsive to their Childs needs

Answer 150

- high separation anxiety - high stinger anxiety as she is unsure how they will behave - angry at reunion with caregiver - unwilling to explore

Answer 151

Inconsistent care - Sometimes nurturing, sometimes cold, leading to insecurity. Conditional love - Care and affection are based on behaviour, not consistent. Needy behaviour - Children become clingy to gain attention and affection. Attachment issues:

Answer 152

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 153

Ainsworth observed and categorised the behaviours of children aged 12 to 24 months while interacting with their mothers in a controlled laboratory setting. Visited 26 mother infant pairs at home every 3-4 weeks for the first year of life Both the mothers and children were aware of being observed, and Ainsworth used a non-participant observational method, where all interactions were videotaped for analysis. To ensure consistency, a script with standardised instructions was followed to expose all children to the same situations. The procedure involved several stages: first, the mother and child were together, then the mother left, and the researcher observed the child's separation anxiety and stranger anxiety. When the mother returned, the researcher noted the child’s reunion behaviour. The study aimed to assess attachment through these behaviours, including how children coped with separation and reunion.

Answer 154

The strange situation

Answer 155

Ainsworth classified the babies in 3 types of attachment 15% = insecure avoidant 70% = secure attachment 15% = insecure resistant

Answer 156

Attachment style was related to sensitive responsiveness of the mother

Answer 157

Secure attachment

Answer 158

insecure avoidant

Answer 159

insecure resistant

Answer 160

Disorganised attachment

Answer 161

- erratic pattern of response - cried at reunion - played when mother absent

Answer 162

We can’t be sure that the results generalise to infants and mothers from other backgrounds and The sample had low population validity.

Answer 163

A meta analysis of Strange situation data from 32 studies in 8 countries that found differences within cultures in the distribution of attachment types

Answer 164

Although there was a wide variation in proportions of attachment types in different studies. Type A (anxious avoidant) was most common in Germany and least common in Japan

Answer 165

Type B (secure) most common cross culturally

Answer 166

Type C (anxious resistant) was least common cross culturally but Israeli and Japanese infants showed highest percentage of type V (anxious resistant) attachments

Answer 167

The idea that attachment is innate at 65% of infants were securely attached. It shows that Ainsworth's results using an American sample were no universal and attachment differences appear to be associated with different child rearing practices

Answer 168

The findings may not be generalisable to children from different cultural or social backgrounds.

Answer 169

Individualism is emphasised, encouraging independence, self-reliance, and creativity.

Answer 170

Emphasis on family support, community, and interdependence, with a focus on shared responsibility and family bonds.

Answer 171

A study has population validity if the results generalise to other members of the population.

Answer 172

Ainsworth’s study may not fully capture attachment styles in non-Western societies, where family dynamics and societal values differ significantly from Western cultures.

Answer 173

Collectivist cultures emphasise the importance of family, community, and working together.

Answer 174

Individualistic cultures value independence, uniqueness, and self-reliance.

Answer 175

In individualistic cultures, attachment styles tend to be more generalised, with variations such as insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant.

Answer 176

Factors such as poverty can further influence attachment patterns within a culture.

Answer 177

One strength of cross-cultural attachment studies is that many were conducted by indigenous psychologists, meaning they share the same cultural background as the participants.

Answer 178

However, this is not true for all cross-cultural attachment research. For instance, Gilda Morelli and Edward Tronick were American researchers studying attachment in the Efé people of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo). Despite their expertise, the researchers' cultural background likely influenced the data collection process, as they were studying a group outside their own cultural context.

Answer 179

One strength of the Strange Situation research is that it was conducted using standardised procedures.

Answer 180

A final strength of the Strange Situation is its reliability across time.

Answer 181

One key weakness of the Strange Situation research is that it may be culturally biased, as it was originally developed in a Western context.

Answer 182

A final weakness of the Strange Situation research is its ecological validity, as it was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting.

Answer 183

The continuity hypothesis says the internal working model continues to influence our behaviour in our adult relationships.

Answer 184

a schema we build up from our attachment to our parents, consisting of our attitudes and beliefs about relationships

Answer 185

We imitate our relationships with our parents in our future relationships with friends, romantic partners, and our own children.

Answer 186

A love quiz

Answer 187

Hazan and Shaver

Answer 188

Conducted a questionnaire-based correlational study to investigate whether childhood attachments influence later romantic relationships.

Answer 189

Self report method, they put it in a local newspaper, which people could choose to fill in and send back to the researchers using volunteer sampling

Answer 190

2 questionnaires 1st questionnaire asked ppts about their romantic relationships and their attachment styles to their romantic partners 2nd Asked ppts questions about their childhood relationship with their parents and their attachment styles to their parents

Answer 191

1st sample men = 205 and women = 415 age 14-82 2nd sample = men = 38 and women = 70 - students

Answer 192

Suggests that 3 types of attachment found in Ainsworths strange situation were carried through into later relationship patterns 56% of respondents were identified as securely attached 25% of respondents were identified as avoidant 19% of respondents were identified as resistant

Answer 193

whether there was a correltation between participants’ responses on the first questionnaire and participants’ responses on the second questionnair

Answer 194

- childhood attachment - IWM - Childhood relationships - Romantic Adult relationships - parenting relationships

Answer 195

The Adult Attachment Interview

Answer 196

how the participants childhood attachment affected the attachment style they had with their own children

Answer 197

Main asked the ppts a serious of questions about their attachment style, and how they thought it influence their future relationships Ppts responses were the classified and coded by researchers, who categorised each of the participants attachment to their parents into one of the 3 attachment styles The researchers applied the same coding system to categorise the attachment style that puts had with their own children

Answer 198

Main found that the percentage of adults displaying each of the three attachment styles was very similar to the percentages first described by Mary Ainsworth. The participants’ attachment styles to their parents correlated with the attachment patterns they had with their own children

Answer 199

People base their parenting style on the IWM, so it is passed on through generations of a family; the IWM affects a child ability to parent their own children

Answer 200

Bowlby believed that mothers form the mono tropic bond - weren't naturally good at caregiving

Answer 201

Because of societal change

Answer 202

60-70 years ago, Mothers took on the main caregiving responsibilities.

Answer 203

Provider Playmate Carer

Answer 204

Traditionally the role of the fathers was to provide financial support and stability for the mother and the family

Answer 205

Many researchers consider the father less of a caregiver instead engaging in physical, unpredictable and exciting play, they are more likely to encourage toddlers to take risks and be brave

Answer 206

When fathers adopt the role of primary caregiver, they adopt behaviours typically associated with he mother The role of the father is similar to the role of the mother

Answer 207

Bowlby believed that children have one primary attachment figure typically the mother, but conceded that this could be the father

Answer 208

Grossman longitudinal study

Answer 209

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 210

At 40 weeks of age, 30% of babies formed simultaneous attachments to two people (usually mother and father) At 18 months 75% of infant had formed an attachment with the father At 18 months only 13% of the infants were attached to just one person

Answer 211

Emerson’s study revealed that babies form multiple attachments, including attachments to their fathers, which challenges Bowlby's view that only the mother is the primary attachment figure.

Answer 212

Emerson’s study suggests that attachment is not necessarily monotropic and that fathers, too, can form attachments with their children.

Answer 213

Emerson’s research challenges Bowlby’s theory by showing that babies form multiple attachments, including to their fathers, contrary to Bowlby’s view that attachment is typically monotropic and forms only with the mother.

Answer 214

That children have on primary attachment figure and other minor attachment relationships

Answer 215

The aim of Grossman’s study was to investigate the relationship between children and their parents, particularly focusing on the role of fathers and the differences in attachment to mothers and fathers.

Answer 216

Grossman used a longitudinal design, following the same participants over several years to assess how attachment and internal working models develop as children grow.

Answer 217

Grossman’s study found that the child’s internal working model was strongly associated with the strength of their attachment to their mother. This suggests that mothers have a significant role in shaping the child’s early emotional development.

Answer 218

Grossman measured attachment strength between children and both parents, parental sensitivity, and internal working models of the children.

Answer 219

The study found that the child’s internal working model was associated with the sensitivity of the father, indicating that fathers play an important role in emotional development, particularly in providing playful interactions.

Answer 220

The main conclusion was that fathers and mothers play different roles in the emotional and attachment development of children. Fathers are more likely to provide playful interactions, while mothers are more likely to provide caregiving and emotional support.

Answer 221

A limitation is that the study was correlational in nature, so it could not establish a cause-and-effect relationship between attachment style and later behaviour, only showing an association.

Answer 222

A strength of the longitudinal design is that it allowed researchers to track the same participants over time, providing more reliable data about how attachment and internal working models develop as children grow.

Answer 223

Observational study looking at the interactions between parents and their children

Answer 224

Field et al recorded the interactions that mothers and fathers had with their children and then watched through the videos, making observations of each frame. So Field et al were using frame by frame analysis.

Answer 225

1 - sensitive responsiveness 2 - how much the parents played with their child

Answer 226

How sensitive they were to their child’s needs.

Answer 227

Mothers play a caring role, fathers play the role of playmate.

Answer 228

The found similar behaviours in primary caregiving mothers and fathers, both sent more time holding Hans, smiling and imitating than secondary caregivers. They found that dads who were the primary caregiver displayed as much sensitive responsiveness as mothers. They found that dads usually play more with their children and mums displayed more sensitive responsiveness.

Answer 229

Dads can take on the caring, nurturing role that is often associated with mothers.

Answer 230

The more time fathers spend looking after their babies, the more their role becomes like that of the mother