Attention and Memory Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
True or False:
At some point during information processing there is interference that occurs no matter what
A
True
2
Q
True or False:
Some stimuli are processed in parallel
A
True
3
Q
What happens when some stimuli exceed the limits of attention
A
You switch between competing sources
4
Q
What happens when some stimuli require prolonged periods of processing
A
Diminished attention
5
Q
What are the 3 dimensions of attention
A
- Focusing
- Shifting
- Sustainability
6
Q
What is focusing attention
A
Selectively attentive
7
Q
What is shifting attention
A
Shift from one stimuli to another
8
Q
What is sustainability attention
A
Staying on task
9
Q
What are the 2 main categories of attention
A
- Selective attention
2. Divided attention
10
Q
What is selective attention
A
Only one task or stimuli
11
Q
What is divided attention
A
Divided between multiple tasks or stimuli
12
Q
When is selective attention used
A
Difficulty attending to more than one thing at a time
13
Q
True or False:
With selective attention you have to make a conscious decision of what too focus on
A
True
14
Q
What are the types of selective attention (2)
A
- Visual selective attention
2. Auditory selective attention
15
Q
What is an example of visual selective attention
A
Stroop task
16
Q
What is an example of auditory selective attention
A
Dichotic listening
17
Q
What is the theoretical interpretation of selective attention
A
Bottleneck theories
18
Q
True or False:
Theories of attention differ based on when in the IP stage attention begins to decline
A
True
19
Q
What is another name for the single channel filter theories
A
Bottleneck theory
20
Q
True or False:
The single channel filter theories states there is a fixed capacity for IP
A
True
21
Q
True or False:
Attention is a single resource directed at one of a number of processing operations
A
True
22
Q
What are the 2 sub-theories of the bottleneck theory
A
- Early filter theories
2. Late filter theories
23
Q
What are the early filter theories (2)
A
- Stroop
2. Dichotic listening
24
Q
What is the late filter theory
A
Cocktail party
25
Why do we need the "bottleneck"
Because there are so many stimuli in the world so we don't overload the system
26
Where does filtering occur in the bottleneck theories
At the bottleneck (obviously)
27
What does the bottleneck determine
The point at which you aren't able to process in parallel and have to process in series
28
Who came up with the early filter theories
Broadbent
29
Who came up with the late filter theories
Treisman
30
What is Broadbent's filter model (5)
1. Inputs to
2. Sensory store to
3 Selective filter to
4. Higher level processing to
5. Working memory
31
What are the 2 types of input in Broadbent's filter model
1. Attended messages
| 2. Unattended messages
32
What is the sensory store
Where info is held for less than a second
33
What happens at the selective filter
The unattended message is lost
34
Is the unattended message processed
Nope
35
What is the selective filter based on
Physical properties
36
What is a limitation in Broadbent's filter model
Limitations in stimulus identification
37
What is Broadbent's filter model in short
Physical characteristics used to select one message for further processing and all other messages are lost
38
What is the stroop effect
The ability of attention to filter visual input
39
Does the stroop effect use serial or parallel processing
Parallel processing
40
What is processed faster in the stroop effect the written word or the color
The written word
41
What does the stroop effect show
That the unattended message (written word) gets processed fully
42
True or False:
| The stroop effect negates Broadbent's filter model because the unattended message gets filterd
True
43
What are the 2 conditions of the stroop effect (2)
1. The color of the word matches the word
| 2. The color of the word is different from the word
44
What is dichotic listening
Two messages given simultaneously and the listener is asked to "shadow" a message (repeat)
45
What happened with the attended ear in dichotic listening
The person was able to repeat the message in the ear the were told to shadow
46
What happened with the non attended ear in dichotic listening
The person could determine if the voice was male or female or loud or soft
47
True or False:
| The person being able to identify if the unattended voice was male or female refutes Broadbent's filter model
True
48
What is Treisman's attenuation model (6)
1. Inputs
2. Sensory store
3. Attenuating filter
4. Bottleneck
5. Hierarchy of analyzers
6. Working memory
49
What occurs at the bottle neck
The message is attenuated
50
What does the message being attenuated mean
The volume of the message is turned down
51
What are the hierarchy of analyzers (4)
1. Syllables
2. Words
3. Grammar
4. Semantics
52
What determines if the attenuated message gets processed at this stage and too what degree
Their threshold
53
What is Treisman's attenuation model in short
Physical characteristics are used to select one message for processing and other messages are given partial processing (attenuation)
54
What is the cocktail party phenomenon
Some unattended stimuli are processed in parallel with attended stimuli during early stimulus identification
55
What is the short of the cocktail party phenomenon
If the stimulus is loud enough or has enough meaning it can interrupt attention
56
What is inattention blindness
Failure to see certain visual stimuli when engaged in specific search task
57
True or False:
| Intentionally processing specific visual information led to the inability to process other visual stimuli
True
58
True or False:
| Inattention blindness can be demonstrated in action events such as looked but failed to see
True
59
What is divided attention
Trying to attend to multiple stimuli at one and make multiple responses
60
What is the central resource capacity theory
The amount of attention you have to give is fixed but where you can put the attention is not fixed
61
True or False:
| In the central resource capacity theory it is said attention can be placed on more than one stimulus at a time
True
62
True or False:
| Tasks compete for attention
True
63
What is the multiple resource theories
Think of attention as multiple pools of resources in which each pool handles specific kinds of IP
64
True or False:
| Two tasks competing for common resources don't perform as well as two tasks competing for different resources
True
65
True or False:
| Attention can be placed on both input and output stages simultaneously
True
66
What does attention being placed on both input or output simultaneously lead to
Skill
67
Distracted driving shows what
Limitations in response selection or programming
68
True or False:
| There was a 4x increase in accident risk when driver used handheld device
True
69
True or False:
| Driving using a handheld device is comparable to DUI
True
70
What is capacity interference
Interference that occurs from the inability to hold anymore information
71
What is structural interference
Interference that occurs due to performing a task
72
Is a hand held device structural or capacity interference
Structural interference
73
Is a hands free device structural or capacity interference
Capacity interference
74
What are factors that impact driving performance while using cell phones (3)
1. Driving environment
2. Driver characteristics
3. Nature of conversation
75
True or False:
| When attention was diverted to inside the environment performance was diminished
True
76
True or False:
| Impaired ability to allocate attention to gait during dual task situations is a predictor of falls
True
77
True or False:
| Concurrent cognitive tasks slows walking performance in older adults
True
78
True or False:
| Cognitive dual task training showed significant improvements in gross motor performance
True
79
True or False:
| Dual task training improved gait speed in patients with Parkinson's Disease
True
80
What does success in performing two or more tasks at the same time require (3)
1. Has to be meaningful
2. Demands of the tasks can't exceed the common capacity
3. Two skills require different resources
81
Does the bottleneck occur in the stimulus identification stage
Probably not
82
Does the bottleneck occur in the response selection stage
Possibly yes
83
Does the bottleneck occur in the response programming stage
Yes!
84
What is the double stimulation paradigm
Separate responses to two stimuli presented closely together
85
How do you explain double stimulation paradigm
Like a cross over in basketball
86
How is the double stimulation paradigm like a cross over in basketball
If stimulus B comes in while stimulus A is still in the stimulus identification stage the person can adjust to stimulus B... But is stimulus B comes in when stimulus A is already through response selecting and already committed to stimulus A you cannot adjust to stimulus B. (stimulus A is the initial dribble and stimulus B is the cross over)
87
What are the 2 types of attentional focus
1. Internal
| 2. External
88
What is internal attentional focus
Focusing on some aspect of the movement that is happening (golfer focusing on swing)
89
What is external attentional focus
Focus is on the outcome
90
When a skill is well learned should you use an external or internal focus of attention
External attentional focus
91
When you are getting the idea down of the skill should you use an external or internal focus of attention
Internal attentional focus
92
Saying "Don't Choke!" does what to attentional focus
Shifts toward internal performance processes leading to regression of previous level of control
93
Does all movement require attention
Nope
94
True or False:
| You can divert attention toward other aspects of the environment or future movements
True
95
True or False:
| Attention may "fine tune" motor movements and control
True
96
Memory is a consequence of what
Information processing
97
True or False:
| Memory is the reason that previously processed information can affect current IP
True
98
True or False:
| Memory allows us to have a quicker IP due to previous experiences
True
99
How does memory affect performance
Positively or negatively
100
How can memory negatively effect performance
Learn poor mechanics it will take longer to change those mechanics
101
What are the 3 stages of memory storage
1. Short term sensory store (STSS)
2. Short term memory (working memory_
3. Long term memory
102
What are the 2 types of influences on memory
1. Direct
| 2. Indirect
103
What is a direct influence of memory
Deliberate attempt to search/retrieve past experience
104
What is an indirect influence of memory
Not a conscious recollection of memory, motor skills
105
How does info reach LTM
It has to be rehearsed
106
How do you get an output from memory
You have to retrieve info from LTM and bring it to STM
107
What is the capacity of STM
7 bit capacity
108
True or False:
| If you pay no attention to info or do not use the info it will be forgotten
True
109
True or False:
| If you have troubles with STM your performance/output will suffer
True
110
What are the 3 stages of memory storage
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
111
True or False:
| Encoding requires your attention
True
112
What is the encoding stage
Where info is manipulated/converted for storage
113
True or False:
| A deficit in any of the stages of memory will result in deficits in memory
True
114
What is the short term sensory store called
The sensory register
115
What does sensory register mean
It is a pattern matcher
116
True or False:
| STSS holds massive amounts of info briefly but info fades if not used
True
117
How long to STSS store literal info
Less than 1 second
118
True or False:
| STSS has a limitless capacity
True
119
How does info come into the STSS
Exactly as it is (there is no manipulation)
120
True or False:
| The most useful stimuli is sent to STM
True
121
True or False:
| Info that is sent to STM is meaningful
True
122
What 2 problems may occur in short term sensory store
1. Not enough info moves forward
| 2. Too much info moves forward (sensory overload)
123
True or False:
| Active thinking and problem solving occur in STM
True
124
True or False:
| STM loses info rapidly unless rehearsed
True
125
How quickly does STM lose info
30-60 seconds
126
What is the limited capacity of STM
7 +/- items
127
How do you make up for the limited capacity for STM
By chunking
128
What is chunking
Grouping items into a mechanism that makes sense
129
True or False:
| STM has abstract coding
True
130
What is abstract coding
Individual coding relative to meaning per person
131
What are the critical phases to have effective working memory (3)
1. Getting info in correctly
2. Handling info appropriately
3. Moving info correctly from STM to LTM
132
What does encoding effectively require
There to be meaning behind the info
133
What happens in STM (3)
1. Info from STSS is stored for processing
2. Info from LTM is retrieved for processing and joined with STSS info to create action plan
3. Info is sent to LTM
134
True or False:
| STM is closely related to response selection stage of IP
True
135
True or False:
| Practiced items are protected and more permanently placed in LTM
True
136
True or False:
| LTM has a limitless capacity and duration
True
137
What are the 2 types of LTM
1. Explicit memory
| 2. Implicit memory
138
What are the 2 types of explicit memory
1. Episodic
| 2. Semantic
139
What is semantic memory
Storage of facts and info
140
What is episodic memory
Recalling from a certain event
141
What is explicit memory
conscious recall of facts/knowledge of associations (people, places, things) and verbal expression, writing down of ideas and describing details (short answer on a test)
142
What is implicit memory
Automatic, habitual due to high repetition of prior experience and does not require conscious strategy to retrieve info
143
True or False:
| The majority of motor skills lie in implicit memory
True
144
What is another name for explicit memory
Declarative memory
145
Is explicit memory something well learned or not well learned
Not well learned
146
Is explicit memory the know HOW to or knowing ABOUT
Knowing ABOUT
147
Is implicit memory the know HOW to or knowing ABOUT
Know HOW to
148
Is implicit memory something that is well learned or not well learned
Well learned
149
What is effective use of LTM dependent on (2)
1. Transfer info accurately into LTM
| 2. Accurately retrieve information
150
How do you transfer info accurately into LTM
Encoding info with meaning to the individual allowing for selective encoding
151
How do you accurately retrieve information (2)
1. Advanced organizer
| 2. Orienting question
152
What is an advanced organizer
When teacher tells you to look at something prior to lecture (gives you background of what you are learning
153
What is an orienting question
Asking questions to lead person in the direction you want them to go
154
What are the main constructs in preparation for motor learning (3)
1. Information processing
2. Attention
3. Memory
155
For an individual to learn or re-learn any given task what needs to exist
Plasticity which is a permanent change to the nervous system by formation of new synapses
156
True or False:
| Understanding properties of motor learning is essential to being an effective and efficient clinician
True
157
Storage duration, type of coding, and capacity of STSS
Storage duration: Less than 1 second
Type of coding: Very literal
Capacity: Seemingly limitless
158
Storage duration, type of coding, and capacity of STM
Storage duration: 1-60 seconds
Type of coding: More abstract
Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
159
Storage duration, type of coding, and capacity of LTM
Storage duration: Seemingly limitless
Type of coding: Very abstract
Capacity: Seemingly limitless
160
What is the seemingly limitless duration of LTM dependent on
Repetition
