Attitude, Group Dynamics, Leadership Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is an attitude?
An enduring evaluation positive or negative of people, objects and ideas.
Contributions to a negative attitudes
Disapproval of family peers
Negative role models
Low status/unpopularity of activity
Previous criticism
Socialisation against activity e.g rugby not for girls
Fear of failure
Personal constraints e.g gender, age, race, size
Where do attitudes come from?
Learning
Familiarity/availability
Classical conditioning
Socialisation
Operant conditioning
Peer groups+social groupings
Past exeriences
Prejudice
Cognitive dissonance
If a person holds 2 ideas that oppose and conflict with eachother an element of discomfort arises, emotional conflict is called dissonance
How to change an attitude (dissonance) (festinger)
Change 1 of the 3 ‘cab’ elements providing a person with new info can change cognitive attitude.
What does triadic model include:
Cognitive component, affective component, behavioural component.
What is the cognitive component
What the person believes about the attitude object eg I believe that jogging is good for me.
What is the affective component?
What the person feels about the attitude object. Related to evaluation, performers values and past experiences e.g I enjoy keeping fit and healthy it’s important to maintain my lifestyle.
What is the behavioural component?
How a person responds or intends to respond towards the attitude object as a result. E.g I go jogging 4 times a week and encourage others to do the same.
What is the persuasive communication theory?
You can change someone’s attitude by persuading them.
Persuasive communication theory suggests that for an attitude to change the person must attend to, understand, accept and retain the message.
Works best when persuader is a significant other/ figure e.g coach or captain
Factors contributing to -ve attitudes?
Personal constraints- age, gender, size, race
Disapproval from family/ peers
-ve role models
Previous unenjoyable experience of the activity
Fear of danger of activity
Low status- unpopularity of activity
Fear of failure
Previous pour performance- learned helplessness
Factors contributing +ve attitudes
Previous enjoyment
Approval from family/peers
High status
+ve role models
+ve past experiences
How to measure an attitude
Questionnaires - subjective
Eg thurstone scale likert scale, osgood semantic differential scale.
Observation -
.We can observe, record + analyse people’s behaviours
First stage of group formation?
Formation
- High dependence on leader
-group gets to know eachother
- roles are unclear
- leader must give strong direction
Second stage of group formation
Storming
-Period of conflict
- individuals fight and challenge eachother
- cliques often form
-Clearer team focus
-Leader takes on an advisory role
What is the third stage of group termination?
Norming
- roles and responsibilities are clearer
- group agreement on decisions
- group becomes more social-friendly
- leader shares responsibilities
What is the fourth stage of group formation
Performing
- clear goals set- group work towards achieving them
- any disagreements solved internally and positively
- leader helps with interpersonal issues.
What is task cohesion
Ability to work towards a shared goal
What is social cohesion?
Ability of group to get on with eachother
What is team cohesion?
How well a team comes together and plays together
What is cohesion?
Group integration -individuals feelings about the group as a whole
What is Steiner’s model?
Actual = potential productivity - losses due to faulty process
4 factors affecting cohesion
Environment eg size of group easier to interact
Personal factors eg similar background
Team factors eg stay together for long time, group success and failures
Leadership eg leadership style, behaviours, communication styles
Leadership styles
Autocratic, Democratic, laissez faire
