Attitudes

Question 1

What are attitudes?

Answer 1

psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour. They may be explicit or implicit.

Question 2

What are the components for attitudes?

Answer 2

One- component model
Two component model
Three- component model

Question 3

Louis Thurstone

Answer 3

Developed formal technuqie to measure attitudes, based on religious beliefs. Providing statements and getting them to score them.

Question 4

Rensis Likert (1932)

Answer 4

Developed most used attitude scale, the likert scale.

Question 5

One component model

Answer 5

affective evaluation (positive or negative) of an object.
- emotional attitude.

Question 6

Two Component model

Answer 6

thought and feelings combined gives us a mental readiness to evaluate and influence responding to attitude objects. cognitive and emotion.

Question 7

Three component model

Answer 7

Rosenberg and Hovland (1960)cognition, affect and behavioural tendencies. Can be referred to ABC approach.

Question 8

What study showed linking attitudes to behaviour.

Answer 8

Zanna and Rempel 1988, can only have an attitude if there is something to focus on the make an evaluation which produces favourable or unfavourable behaviour. The way we feel influences how we respond.

Question 9

What are some other terms of attitudes

Answer 9

directly at minority: prejudice
specific individuals: liking, interpersonal attraction
about one self : self- esteem.

Question 10

Why is it important for social psychologist to study attitudes.

Answer 10

influence behaviour, social psychologist are interest in predicting behaviour are interested in attitudes. covers many topics ranging from health behaviours to racial prejudice.

Question 11

What are attitudes for?

Answer 11

Rapid and automatic evaluation of rewarding or harmful objects confers a substantial survival advantage. McDowell et al (2015) : sexual health information people are given change attitudes and therefore behaviour on sexual health.

Question 12

Zajonc (1980)

Answer 12

Argues that attitudes are primitive ( an evolutionary sense) basic response to the environment. Favourable attitude : approach it
unfavourable= avoid.

Question 13

Roskos- Ewoldsen and Fazio (1992)

Answer 13

view attitudes as mental short cuts which focus attention on salient objects in the environment and influence interpretation of information, automatically guide behaviour.

Question 14

What are Katz (1960) four functions of attitudes

Answer 14

Knowledge : information provided in the form of mental shortcuts.
Instrumental: minimise damage/ losses and maximise gains.
Value expressive : provide social role by communication social values.
Ego-defensive: protect ones self-confidence by resisting damaging ‘truths.

Question 15

What does the cognitive consitency theory say about attitudes

Answer 15

We change attitudes to avoid cognitive dissonance. Heider’s balance theory : to improve the way we feel attitudes and behaviours should be congruent.

Question 16

Where do attitudes come from ?

Answer 16

Cognitive information, direct experience, conditioning, behavioural information

Question 17

Attitudes arising from cognitive information

Answer 17

Theory of reasoned action: Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) - to predict behaviour it is good to look at the psychological processes that link attitudes and behaviour by incorporating social components such as subjective norms. Subjective norm, attitude towards behaviour, behavioural intention and the behaviour.

Question 18

What is the theory of planned behaviour

Answer 18

Develops from theory of reasoned action. Includes both behavioural and normative beliefs from the theory of reasoned action but adds perceived behavioural control - extent the individual beliefs they are capable of achieving the behaviour.

Question 19

Expectancy- value model

Answer 19

Eccles et al, 1983 - how we develop particular attitudes on a cognitive level. Associated with achievement related choices. Expectancy (e.g. cycling) the value we put on the outcomes e.g. its healthy but time consuming. Overall evaluation.

Question 20

Arnold (2018)

Answer 20

Application of EV to health behaviours and decision- making.

Question 21

Mere exposure effect on how attitudes are developed.

Answer 21

Zajon (1968) - can induce a positive attitude. More times participants saw a character the more favourable their rating of its meaning (Chinese characters).

Question 22

What are the limitations and strengths of the mere exposure effect on attitudes.

Answer 22

Bernstein (1989) : after many exposures, attitudes level-off (ceiling effect).
RLA : phobias (flooding, systematic desnetiation)
reducing prejudice
consumer behaviour : purchasing products the more they are exposed, marketing and advertisement.

Question 23

Classical conditioning on how attitudes develop.

Answer 23

original neutral object evokes a positive or negative evaluation because it is consistently paired with an object which ‘naturally’ evokes positive or negative reaction. Riley and Anderson (2015) pleasant music paired with neutral stimulus (product advertised) more likely to buy product.

Question 24

Janis, Kaye and Kirchner (1965)

Answer 24

effect of drinking soft beverage whist trying to be persuaded: pleasant evaluation of the soft drink was paired with message. Demonstrated subliminal priming and persuasion.

Question 25

Galizio and Hendrick (1972)

Answer 25

songs presented to RPs either accompanied with guitar music or no music, lyrics accompanied by music were more persuasive.

Question 26

operant conditioning on how attitudes develop.

Answer 26

Behaviours associated with rewards increase in frequency.
Behaviours associated with negative outcomes such as punishment decrease.
attitudes will thus increase with positive response and decrease with negative.

Question 27

self perception theory Bem 1972

Answer 27

people derive attitudes about themselves based on their own behaviour. only works where either new, weak or ambitious attitudes already exist.

Question 28

Chaiken and Baldwin (1981)

Answer 28

Rps in three groups: questionnaire n making past any-ecological behaviour salient, past pro- ecological behaviour salient and control well developed attitudes. Environmental attitudes were influenced by recollection of past behaviour.