Person perception Flashcards
What is person perception?
Process of gauging others temporary states - lasting impression from under 100ms
What is impression formation?
Integrate various sources of information about others’ self-presentation into a unified judgment - dynamic and constantly changing
What are the models for how impression are formed?
Asch configural model, positivity bias, negativity bias, personal constructs and cognitive algebra.
What is Asch’s configurable model (1946)
‘central traits’ are salient ‘peripheral traits’ are less so
What is the study for Asch’s configurable model (1946)
confederate guest lecturer gave attributes differently to first and second condition - skews other attributes about the individual.
What are some criticism for Asch’s configural model.
how do you know what the ‘central trait’ is. Varies due to context - has been shown as well that polite and blunt can correlate with warmth and compliance.So why are results not effect (fiske 2007).
Biases - order effect can influence judgment, also done by asch : intelligent or envious first
Positivity bias
‘benefit of the doubt’ individuals more positive than groups. Analysis of 300,00 teacher ratings, students rate 97% of instructors above average (Sears, 1983)
Negativity bias.
If we hear negative information, these exert a very strong influence on our impressions. Harder to change
Why are negative biases difficult to change
distinctive info attracts attention and negative info carries survival value for us - avoid social cost.
Personal constructs
Kelly (1995) : we develop a unique judgment based on preference and experience.Hehman et al (2017) study on quantified contribution of perceiver (our own preference) to variations of rating people.
Cognitive algebra
anderson 1981
Model for understanding how we arrive at an overall evolution of a person.
Summation, Averaging and Weighted average
Cognitive algebra : summation
for each trait an individual may or may not have we assign a value to it. We add them up. The more we find out more our impression changes.
Cognitive algebra: averaging
process where the overall impression is the average of each piece of information. Summation/ the amount of attributes we are considering.
weighted averaging
method of forming positive or negative impression by first weighting (depending on context e.g. politician, friend) then averaging the valance of all the constituent attributes.
Compatible with Asch central trait- suggest traits that are central influence others but WA weighs them out more.
Physical appearance.
Like interpersonal attraction influences how we judge others. Halo effect - Land and Sigal (1974) provided participants with good and bad essays. Rps saw essays with an attractive, unattractive or no photograph of ‘author’.
