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3rd Year > AUBF > Flashcards

AUBF Flashcards

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1
Q

Inventors of microscope are credited to ___ and ___ and its use started with ___

A

Galileo Galilei, Zacharias Janssen, Anton Van Leuwenhoek

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2
Q

type of microscope that has single biconvex magnifying lens

A

simple microscope

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3
Q

type of microscope that has two or more lenses

A

compound microscope

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4
Q

lenses of microscopes are cleaned with __ or __

A

xylene or 95% alchocol

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5
Q

__ is when images remain in focus even after shifting from one objective to another

A

parfocal

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6
Q

Recommend capacity of urine container is __ mL

A

50 mL

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7
Q

volume of specimen needed for microscopic analysis is __ mL

A

12 mL

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8
Q

details for labeling urine specimen include?

A

name, identification number, date and time of collection.
others may include age, location, and healthcare providers name.

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9
Q

labels are attached to?

A

container, not to the lid

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10
Q

specimen rejection

A

unlabeled containers

nonmatching labels and requestion form

contaminated with feces or toilet paper

contaminated with exteriors

insufficient quantity

improperly transported

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11
Q

urine specimens should be transported within __ hours

A

2 hours

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12
Q

urine preservation through refigeration is held at __ to __C

A

2 - 8C

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13
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

color

causes -

A

darkened

oxidation or reduction of metabolites

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14
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

clarity

causes -

A

decreased

bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material

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15
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

odor

causes -

A

increased

bacterial multiplication causing breakdown of urea to ammonia

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16
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

pH

causes -

A

increased

breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria / loss of CO2

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17
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

glucose

causes -

A

decreased

glycolysis and bacterial use

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18
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

ketones

causes -

A

decreased

volatilization and bacterial metabolism

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19
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

bilirubin

causes -

A

decreased

exposure to light / photo oxidation to biliverdin

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20
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

urobilinogen

causes -

A

decreased

oxidation to urobilin

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21
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

nitrite

causes -

A

increased

multiplication of nitrite-reducing bacteria

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22
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

RBC and WBC

causes -

A

decreased

disintegration in dilute alkaline urine

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23
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

bacteria

causes -

A

increased

multiplication

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24
Q

changes in unpreserved urine:

trichomonas

causes -

A

decreased

loss of motility; death

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25
refrigeration: advantages disadvantages additional info
does not interfere with chemical test precipitates amorphous urates and phosphates prevents bacterial growth for 24 hours
26
boric acid: advantages disadvantages additional info
prevents bacterial growth and metabolism interferes with drug hormone and analysis keeps pH at about 6.0. Can be used for urine culture transport
27
formalin: advantages disadvantages additional info
excellent sediment preservative acts as reducing agent; interferes with chemical test for glucose, blood, LE, and copper reduction rinse specimen container with formalin to preserve cells and casts
28
sodium fluoride advantages disadvantages additional info
good preservative for drug analyses inhibits reagent strip steps for glucose, blood, luekocytes
29
Commercial preservative tablets: advantages disadvantages additional info
convenient when refrigeration is not possible
30
most commonly received specimen used for __
random specimen routine screening
31
it is a concentrated specimen used for __, __, __
routine screening, pregnancy tests, orthostatic protein
32
type of specimen where the patient should begin and end with an empty bladder used for __
24-hour (timed) quantitative chemical test
33
specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through urethra into bladder used for __
catheterized bacterial culture
34
Alternative to catheterized specimen. it provides safer, less traumatic. used for __ and __
midstream clean-catch specimen routine screening and bacterial culture
35
external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder. used for __ and __
suprapubic aspiration bacterial culture and cytology
36
first urine is collected in sterile container and midstream portion is collected in another container. the prostate is then massaged. then, the remaining urine is collected into the 3rd container. used for __
three-glass collection prostatic infection
37
yellow color of urine is caused by the pigment called __
urochrome
38
___ is pink pigment, most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated. resulting in the precipitation of amorphous __
uroerythrin, amorphous urates
39
__ is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen that causes orange-brown color. associated with amorphous __
urobilin, amorphous phosphate
40
clarity: no visible particulates, transparent
clear
41
clarity: few particulates, print easily seen through urine
hazy
42
clarity: many particulates, print blurred through urine
cloudy
43
clarity: print cannot be seen through urine
turbidity
44
clarity: may precipitate or be clotted
milky
45
__ and __ produced a white precipitate in urine with alkaline pH
amorphous phosphate and carbonate
46
__ is produced precipitate in acidic urine
amorphous urate
47
urine with a specific gravity of 1.010
isosthenuric
48
specimens below 1.010
hyposthenuric
49
specimens above 1.010
hypersthenuric
50
normal random specimens' specific gravity ranges at __ to __
1.015 to 1.030
51
defined as the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water (SG 1.000) at a similar temperature.
specific gravity
52
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index.
refractometry
53
__ is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution
refractive index
54
corrections: glucose __ protein __
0.004 0.003
55
white foam in urine after vigorous shaking indicates __
protein
56
yellow foam or yellow green foam in urine after vigorous shaking of urine indicates
bilirubin
57
green foam in urine after vigorous shaking indicates
biliverdin
58
odor: normal odor of urine
aromatic like
59
odor: bacterial decomposition, UTI
foul, ammonia like
60
odor: ketones (diabetes mellitus)
fruity, sweet
61
odor: MSUD
maple syrup
62
odor: phenylketonuria
mousy or musty
63
odor: isovaleric anemia
rancid bitter
64
odor: methionine absorption
cabbage
65
excess urine on the strip after removal may affect other pads and cause misinterpretation of results
run-over effect
65
odor: contamination
bleach
66
storage temperature should be below __C
30C
67
___ ___should be labelled after opening the container
date opened
68
__ is a double indicator system of methyl red and bromothymol blue
pH
69
methyl red + H+ -> bromothymol blue - H+ (red orange -> yellow) --> (green -> blue)
pH
70
reaction based on the phenomenon known as "protein error" of pH indicators indicator + protein (yellow) ---> protein + H+, protein - H+ (blue-green)
protein
71
first morning specimens are slightly acidic at __ to __
5.0 to 6.0
72
post-prandial samples are usually __
alkaline
73
normal pH range for urine is __ to __
4.5 to 8.0
74
pH of more than __ is interpreted as an improperly preserved sample
8.5
75
___ type of urine diabetes mellitus starvation dehydration diarrhea presence of E. coli high-protein diet cranberry diet
acidid
76
___ type of urine diabetes mellitus starvation dehydration diarrhea presence of E. coli high-protein diet cranberry diet
acidic
77
___ type of urine hyperventilation vomiting renal tubular acidosis presence of urease producing bacteria vegetarian diet old specimens
alkaline
78
primary protein concerned is ___
albumin
79
uromodulin
Tamm-Horsfall
80
clinical proteinuria is of __ mg/dL or __ mg/24h
30, 300
81
normal amount excreted is less than __ mg/dL or __ mg/24h
10, 100
82
conditions affecting the plasma, not the kidney
pre-renal proteinuria
83
glomerular or tubular damage
renal proteinuria
84
microbial infections menstrual contamination semen/prostatic fluid vaginal secretions traumatic injury
post-renal proteinuria
85
renal threshold for glucose is __mg/dL to __ mg/dL
160 to 180
86
intact RBC. Cloudy urine
hematuria
87
clear red urine
hemoglobinuria
88
renal calculi glomerular disease tumors trauma pyelonephritis anticoagulants
hematuria
89
transfusion reactions hemolytic anemias severe burns infections/malaria strenuous exercise hemosiderin
hemoglobinuria
90
rhabdomyolysis muscle trauma/crush syndromes prolonged coma convulsions muscle-wasting diseases drug abuse alcoholism extensive exertion
myoglobinuria
91
____ can be used as an early indicator of liver disease
bilirubin
92
what gives the feces its color
stercobilin
93
___ appears in the urine with bile duct destruction, love disease or damage which causes bilirubin to back up into circulation and is excreted into the urine. Thus, urobilinogen is absent in the urine.
post-hepatic bilirubin
94
hepatitis and cirrhosis conjugated bilirubin leaks back into circulation from the damaged liver and some passes to the intestine
hepatic bilirubin
95
in hemolytic disease, the increase of unconjugated bilirubin is due to the RBC lysis and indicated by the presence of urobilinogen in the urine
pre-hepatic bilirubin
96
bilirubin in the intestine is converted to __ and __
urobilinogen, stercobilinogen

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