AUBF Microscopic examination

Question 1

Specimen preparation for urine microscopic examination

Answer 1

Specimen should be examined while fresh or adequately preserved

Refrigeration: precipitation of amorphous urates/phosphates, other non-pathologic crystals

Warming @ 37 deg C: may dissolved some crystals

Question 2

Standard specimen volume for microscopic examination

Answer 2

10 - 15 mL

Question 3

Type of specimen for microscopic urine

Answer 3

Midstream clean catch urine (wash genitals before collection)

Question 4

Daily urine output

Answer 4

1200 - 1500 mL (600 to 2000 mL is considered)

Question 5

Oligouria in infants

Answer 5

<1mL/kg per hour

Question 6

Oligouria in children

Answer 6

<0.5 mL per kg/hr

Question 7

Oligouria in adults

Answer 7

<400 mL/day

Question 8

failure to secrete urine

Answer 8

anuria

Question 9

increased in urine output during night

Answer 9

nocturia

Question 10

increase output of urine

Answer 10

polyuria

Question 11

polyuria in adult

Answer 11

> 2.5 liters per day

Question 12

polyuria in children

Answer 12

2.5 to 3mL per kg/day

Question 13

Centrifugation for urine in microscopic examination

Answer 13

5 minutes @ 400 RCF

Question 14

SEDIMENT PREPARATION

Answer 14

Volumes of 0.5 mL and 1 mL are frequently used (uniform amount of urine and sediment)

Question 15

Conventional Glass Slide Method: Recommended volume

Answer 15

20 uL (0.02 mL) covered by a 22 x 22 mm glass cover slip

Question 16

Power objective for detecting casts, ascertain the general composition of sediment

Answer 16

LPO

Question 17

Power objective for identifying urinary sedminents

Answer 17

HPO

Question 18

Method to locate casts in examining the sediment

Answer 18

Conventional Glass Slide Method

Question 19

REPORTING THE MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Average number per LPF

Answer 19

Casts

Question 20

REPORTING THE MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Average number per 10 HPF

Answer 20

RBCs and WBCs

Question 21

REPORTING THE MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Semiquantitative (Rare, Few, Moderate, Many/ 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+)

Answer 21

Epithelial cells, Crystals, and other sediments

Question 22

Most frequently used stain in urinalysis

Answer 22

Sternheimer-Malbin Stain (crystal violet)

Question 23

Lipid stain for triglycerides and neutral fats orange-red

Answer 23

Oil Red O and Sudan III + Polarizing Microscope

Do not stain cholesterol (capable of polarization)

Question 24

Stain for identification of bacterial casts

Answer 24

Gram stain (VIAS)

Question 25

Preferred stain for urinary eosinophils (drug-induced allergic reaction producing inflammation)

Answer 25

Hansel stain

Question 26

Stains structures containing iron

Identifies yellow-brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts

Answer 26

Prussian Blue stain

Question 27

Objects appear dark against a light background, most frequently used in clinical laboratory

Answer 27

Bright Field Microscopy

Question 28

Aids in identification of T. pallidum

Answer 28

Dark Field Microscopy

Question 29

Enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices: hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads, and Trichomonas

Answer 29

Phase contrast microscopy

Question 30

Identifies cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals

Answer 30

Polarizing microscopy

Question 31

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by a fluorescent dye including labeled antigens and antibodies

Answer 31

Fluorescence microscopy

Question 32

Produces a three-dimensional microscopy image and layer by layer imaging a specimen

Answer 32

Interference contrast

Question 33

Frequently performed independently of routine urinalysis for detection of malignancies of the lower urinary tract.

Answer 33

Cytodiagnostic Urine Testing

Question 34

Preparation of permanent slides using cytocentrifugation followed by staining with:

Answer 34

Papanicolaou stain