SEROLOGY Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Hepatitis A family
A
Picornaviridae
2
Q
Hepatitis A is also known as
A
Enterovirus 72
3
Q
Hepatitis ___ characteristics:
Has a viral capsid
non-enveloped icosahedral
RNA gene
A
Hepatitis A
4
Q
Self-limited disease that does not result in chronic infection (milder than other types)
A
Hepatitis A
5
Q
Most common cause of hepatitis virus
A
Hepatitis A
6
Q
Incubation period of Hepatitis A
A
15 to 50 days (average of 28 days)
7
Q
Hepatitis A is detected through ______ sample
A
stool
8
Q
Mode of transmission of Hepa A
A
Fecal-oral route
Close person to person contact with an infected person
Sexual contact with an infected person (direct oral-anal contact)
Ingestion of contaminated food or drinks
9
Q
Hepa A Markers of infection
A
Early shedding of the virus in the stool
Appearance of IgM Anti-HAV with the onset of symptoms (icterus/jaundice)
Development of Anti-HAV IgG and immunity on recovery
10
Q
Increased liver enzyme levels for Hepa A
A
SGPT/ALT (significantly)
SGOT (increased)
Nucleotidase
11
Q
Tests for HEPA A
A
ELISA (indirect: antibody)
RIA
12
Q
Serology of HEPA A
IgM anti-HAV: Positive
IgG anti-HAV: Negative
A
Acute infection
13
Q
Serology of HEPA A
IgM anti-HAV: Negative
IgG anti-HAV: Positive
A
Old infection
14
Q
Serology of HEPA A
IgM anti-HAV: negative
IgG anti-HAV: negative
A
incubation/no infection
15
Q
Hepatitis B AKA
A
serum hepatitis
16
Q
Hepatitis B virus AKA
A
DANE PARTICLE
17
Q
Hepatitis that attacks liver that causes acute and chronic liver disease
A
Hepatitis B
18
Q
Incubation period of Hepatitis B
A
45 to 160 days (average of 120 days)
19
Q
Hepatitis that is double stranded DNA virus
A
Hepatitis B
20
Q
Virus family of HEPATITIS B
A
Hepadnaviridae
21
Q
Mode of transmission for HEPA B
A
Direct contact with infectious blood, semen, and other body fluids primarily through:
Birth to an infected mother (vaginal)
Sexual contact with an infected person
Sharing of contaminated needles, syringe, or other injection drug equipment
Needle sticks or other sharp instrument injuries
22
Q
Serologic Markers for HBV
A
HBsAg
HBcAg
HBeAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBs
23
Q
HBsAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HBs
All are negative
A
Susceptible to acquire infection
24
Q
HBsAg: Negative
Anti-HBc: Positive
Anti-HBs: Positive
A
No infection
Has immunity due to natural infection (has been infected)
25
HBsAg: Negative
Anti-HBc: Negative
Anti-HBs: Positive
Immune due to hepatitis B vaccination
26
HBsAg: Positive
Anti-HBc: Positive
IgM anti-HBc: Positive
Anti-Hbs: Negative
Acutely infected
27
HBsAg: Positive
Anti-HBc: Positive
IgM anti-HBc: Negative
Anti-Hbs: Negative
Chronic infection
28
HBsAg: Negative
Anti-HBc: Positive
Anti-HBs: Negative
Resolved infection (most common)
False-positive anti-HBc (susceptible)
Low level chronic infection
Resolving acute infection
Window stage of infection
29
measurement of the viral agent in the blood; signifies if a patient can be infectious
Viral load
30
Yeast recombinant strain of HBV Vaccine (1982) - common baker's yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
31
Tests available for HBV detection:
1st generation
Ouchterlony
32
Ouchterlony principle for HBV detection
precipitation reaction; double diffusion, double dimension
33
Tests available for HBV detection:
2nd generation
Counter Immunoelectrophoresis
Rheophoresis
Complement fixation
34
Principle of Rheophoresis
precipitation by evaporation
35
Principle of Counter Immunoelectrophoresis
precipitation with current
36
Tests available for HBV detection:
3rd generation
Reverse passive latex agglutination
Reverse passive hemagglutination
ELISA
RIA
37
Diseases states caused by HBV
Acute hepatitis
Fulminant hepatitis
Chronic
Co-infection with Hepa D
38
Outcome disease from unresolved Hepatitis B
Hepatoma
39
Outcome disease from unresolved HPV
Cervical cancer
40
Outcome disease from unresolved EBV
Nasopharyngeal cancer
41
Serologic Tests for HBV
HBsAg
HBeAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HBs
Anti-HBe
42
Positive result for HBsAg indicates:
presence of ongoing disease; can either be chronic or acute
43
Positive result for Anti-HBsAg indicates:
no active disease; the person is already immuned; long term immunity
44
Marker of Hepatitis B that has no antigen and is only found on intact cells
HBcAg
45
Positive result for IgM and HBcAg indicates:
New infection
46
Positive result for IgG and anti-HBcAg
Old infection
47
Presence of both IgG and IgM in Hepatitis B indicates:
Mid infection
48
Envelope antigen of Hepa B
HBeAg
49
Positive HBeAg indicates:
high infectivity
50
Positive Anti-HBeAg indicates:
Low infectivity
51
Anti--HBV drug
lamivudine
52
Confirmatory for Hepatitis B infection
ELISA
53
Hepatitis C virus family:
Flaviviridae
54
Blood-borne hepatitis; post-transfusion hepatitis:
Hepatitis C
55
Incubation period of Hepatitis C
14 to 180 days (average of 45 days)
56
Confirmatory test for Hepatitis C
RIBA (Recombinant Immunoblot Assay)
57
Serologic Tests for Hepatitis C
Surrogate testing for detecting NANBV/HCV in donated blood (level detection for ALT, Anti-HBc)
Serologic Tests for antibody against HCV Ag (Anti-HCV) (ELISA, RIA)
58
HCV antibody nonreactive indicates:
No HCV antibody detected
59
HCV antibody reactive
Presumptive for HCV infection
60
HCV antibody reactive, HCV RNA detected
Current HCV infection
61
HCV antibody reactive, HCV RNA not detected
Interpretation:
No current HCV infection
62
RNA virus transmitted parentally and can replicate only with the help of HBV
Hepatitis D (HDV)
63
HDV is also known as:
Delta Virus
64
Helical nucleocapsid actually uses HBV’s envelope, HBsAg (only replicates in cells infected with HBV)
Hepatitis D
65
Coinfection with HBV - HDV mechanism:
simultaneously replicates or infect with HBV
66
Superinfection with HBV- HDV mechanism
faster replication; rate of damage and infection to hepatocytes
can infect cells on top of the active infection of HEPA D
67
Serologic Markers for HDV
HDV Ag
IgM anti-HDV and total anti-HDV (IgM and IgG)
Presence of IgM anti-HDV and HBsAg together IgM anti-HBc-
Absence of IgM anti-HBc
Presence of anti-HDV IgG
68
Serologic marker that is found in early stage of infection of HDV; rapidly disappears on plasma thus, not very useful
HDV Ag
69
Serologic marker for HDV for detecting acute phase
IgM anti-HDV
Total anti-HDV (IgM and IgG)
70
Serologic marker for HDV that detects co-infection
Presence of :
IgM anti-HDV
HBsAg
IgM anti-HBc
71
Serologic marker for HDV that indicates presence of superinfection HDV
Absence of IgM anti-HBc
72
Serologic marker for HDV that indicates chronic infection
Presence of anti-HDV IgG
73
Size of Hepatitis E virus
32-34 nanometer
74
HEPA E is also known as
calicivirus
75
MOT for HEV
fecal oral route (often contaminated water)
76
HEV resembles
HAV
77
Pregnant women with HEV may develop:
fulminant liver failure and death
78
Characteristics of Hepatitis G
RNA- enveloped
79
Family virus of Hepatitis G
Flaviviridae
80
MOT of Hepatitis G
contact with blood
sexually transmitted
transplacental
81
HGV common worldwide but seems to be ______
non-pathogenic
82
also known as kissing disease
infectious mononucleosis
83
Infectious Mononucleosis MOT
exchange of mouth fluid
84
Causative agent of Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein Barr Virus
85
Cell that is infected by Epstein Barr Virus
B lymphocytes
86
Epstein Barr Virus inhabits:
nasopharyngeal tissues (asymptomatic carriers)
87
atypical lymphocytes/reactive lymphocytes (infected with EBV
Downey cells
88
Downey cells causes ___ in RBC
cytoplasmic indentation
89
EBV infection is most common during ages ____
15 to 25 (adolescence and early adulthood)
90
Antibodies formed from Forssman experiment (Guinea pig cells + Rabbit → ___)
Anti-Guinea pig cells and Anti-sheep cells
91
used for any substance that stimulated the formation of sheep hemolysin (anti-sheep cells)
Forssman antigen
92
antibodies produced by unrelated species which can cross-react with the same antigen
Heterophil antibodies
93
Heterophil antibodies in Infectious Mononucleosis reacts with
sheep, ox, horse cells
94
Heterophil antibodies in Infectious Mononucleosis does not react with
Guinea pig cells
95
Heterophil antibodies of Forssman is negative for:
beef or ox cells
96
Heterophil antibodies in serum sickness is positive to:
Sheep Cells
Ox/Beef Cells
Horse cells
Guinea pig cells
97
presumptive or screening test for heterophil antibodies (detects all heterophil antibodies; cannot determine the specificity of heterophil antibody)
Paul Bunnel Test
98
Principle for Paul Bunnel Test
Hemagglutination
99
Reagent for Paul Bunnel Test
2% suspension of sheep rbcs
100
Antibody for Paul Bunnel Test
Heterophil antibodies in patient's serum
101
Positive result for Paul Bunnel Test
hemmaglutination - presence of heterophil antibodies
102
Davidson differential test principle:
absorption hemagglutination
103
Antigen for Davidson differential test:
Guinea pig kidney cells and Beef RBCs
104
Antibody for Davidson differential test
Heterophil in patient's serum
105
Indicator cells for Davidson Differential Test
Sheep RBCs
106
Two steps for Davidson differential test
Absorption, Hemagglutination
107
Absorption result for tube 1 in davidson differential test:
Positive (decrease antibody titer)
108
Absorption result for tube 2 in davidson differential test:
Negative (retain high antibody titer)
109
Davidson differential test absorption:
Tube 1 contains
Beef cells + heterophil abs from paul bunnel test
110
Davidson differential test absorption:
Tube 2 contains
guinea pig kidney cells + heterophil abs from paul bunnel test
111
Davidson differential test hemagglutination:
Tube 1 contains
beef cells + sheep RBC
112
Davidson differential test hemagglutination
Tube 2 contains:
Guinea pig kidney cells + Sheep RBC
113
Hemagglutination result for tube 1 in davidson differential test:
weak agglutination (+1)
114
Hemagglutination result for tube 2 in davidson differential test:
+4 (strong agglutination)
115
Davidson Differential Test:
Positive absorption in step 1
Result for step 2:
Weak reaction
116
Davidson Differential Test:
Negative absorption in step 1
Result for step 2
Strong reaction
117
Absorption pattern:
Beef RBCs: negative
Guinea pig kidney cells: positive
Forssman
118
Absorption pattern:
Beef RBCs: positive
Guinea pig kidney cells: negative
Infectious mononucleosis
119
Absorption pattern:
Beef RBCs: positive
Guinea pig kidney cells: positive
Serum sickness
120
Agglutination pattern after absorption:
Row 1 (Beef RBCs): 4+
Row 2 (Guinea pig kidney cells): 1+
Forssman
121
Agglutination pattern after absorption:
Row 1 (Beef RBCs): 1+
Row 2 (Guinea pig kidney cells): 4+
Infectious mononucleosis
122
Agglutination pattern:
Row 1 (Beef RBCs): 2+
Row 2 (Guinea pig kidney cells): 2+
Serum sickness
123
Principle for Monospot test
Absorption hemeagglutination
124
Antigen for Monospot Test
Guinea pig kidney cells and beef RBCs
125
Antibody for Monospot Test
Heterophil abs in px’s serum
126
Rapid Differential Slide Test using Papain-Treated Sheep RBCs principle:
Hemagglutination
127
Inactivates receptor for antibodies in Rapid Differential Slide Test
Papain
128
Native Sheep RBCs: Agglutination
Papain-treated Sheep RBCs: No/Weak agglutination
interpretation:
Normal serum and IM serum
129
Native Sheep RBCs: Agglutination
Papain-treated Sheep RBCs: Agglutination
Serum sickness and other heterophil Antibodies
130
HIV Family
Retroviridae
131
Subfamily of HIV
Lentivirus, Oncovirus
132
Human Immunodeficiency Virus characteristics
Enveloped
Coiled nucleocapsid
Icosahedral with single stranded RNA
133
Unique enzyme of HIV
reverse transcriptase
134
Replication site of HIV
Inside the nucleus (CD4+ of cell surface)
135
Predominant HIV type
HIV 1
136
First identified in France by Luc Montagnier
HIV 1
137
In USA, HIV 1 is identified by
Robert Gallo (1983)
Jay Levy (1984)
138
HIV 1 is formerly called
Human T-cell Lymphocytic Virus type III (HTLV-III)
Lymphadenopathy associated Virus (LAV)
AIDS -associated retrovirus (ARV)
139
HIV 2 is prevalent in
West Africa
140
less pathogenic, lower rate transmission HIV
HIV 2
141
Mode of transmission for HIV
Mainly through sexual intercourse
Transfer of blood or blood products
Babies can be infected before or during birth and from breast feeding
Parental drug use
142
Codes for core structural (group antigen) proteins
VIRAL GENE PRODUCT:
P24, p18, p15
143
Gene for core structural (group antigen) proteins
Gag
144
Pol (polymerase) function/s
Transcribes ssRNA into dsDNA
145
Viral gene product that transcribes ssRNA into dsDNA
Reverse transcriptase
146
Viral gene product that binds to CD4+ receptors for HIV infection
gp160
147
Viral gene product required for viral infusion of cell
gp41
148
gene for gp160 and gp41
Env (envelope)
149
Primary effects of HIV infections
Extreme leukopenia (lymphocytes, CD4+ lymph)
Formation of giant T-cells and other syncytia
Infected macrophages release the virus in central nervous system
150
Allows human immunodeficiency virus to spread directly from cell to cell making it faster to replicate
Formation of giant T-cells and other syncytia
151
Secondary effects of HIV
Destruction of CD4 lymphocytes: allows opportunistic infections and malignancy to infect the patient
152
Steps for HIV infection diagnosis
Initial screening
Confirmatory
153
Initial screening of HIV is followed up by _____ to rule out false positives
Western Blot
154
Laboratory Tests for HIV
ELISA (direct/indirect)
Western Blot or Immunofluorescent Test
Indirect Immunofluorescence assay
155
3 bands for HIV confirmatory
p24, gp41, gp120/gp160
156
Test to detect HIV in infected cells; also a confirmatory (HIV present in CD4+ cells
Indirect Immunofluorescence assay
157
Tests for Detecting HIV Genes
In situ hybridization
Filter hybridization
SOUTHERN BLOT
Hybridization-DNA
DNA Amplification
PCR - tests HIV RNA
NORTHERN BLOT - measures mRNA antigen
158
Diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person meets the following criteria:
1.Positive for the virus
2.They fulfill one of the additional criteria:
a)CD4: <200 cells/ml of blood
b)CD4: < 14% of all lymphocytes
c)They experience one or more of a CDC provided list of AIDS defining illnesses.
159
> 200 CD4+ cells/ml of blood classification
HIV positive
160
<200 CD4+ cells/mL of blood classification
AIDS
161
Stage of HIV clinical manifestation:
a)px is either asymptomatic or may show lymphadenopathy
b)Resembles infectious mononucleosis
Primary stage
162
Stage of HIV clinical manifestation:
a)State is known as the ARC (AIDS-Related Complex)
b) Quantitative T cell deficiencies with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio (normal 2:1; inverted; 0.5:1)
Intermediate stage
163
Stage of HIV clinical manifestation:
a)2-10 years after initial infection
b)A syndrome of CD4 depletion resulting in opportunistic infections and cancers suggestive of cell-mediated immunity defects
Final stage
164
Opportunistic pathogens for HIV
Pneumocystis carinii (Pneumocystis jirovecii)
M. avium-intracellulare complex
Candida albicans
Cryptosporidium parvum
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptococcus neoformans
Herpes Simplex (I and II)
Legionella spp.
165
most frequently observed malignancy of HIV
Kaposi's sarcoma
166
Tumors in skin and linings of internal organs, lymphomas, cancers of rectum and lung
Kaposi's sarcoma
167
Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by:
HSV type 8
168
Window period for HIV
6-8 weeks
169
First antibody detected in serum; persist throughout the infection of HIV
Anti-gp41
170
New confirmatory for HIV in the Philippines
rHIVda (rapid HIV diagnostic algorithm)
171
Positive reporting of HIV test in rHIVda is recorded after ______
Positive result for Test 3
172
If Tests 1, 2, and 3 is negative in rHIVda, report the result as _____
inconclusive
173
Patients with negative rHIVda results should comeback after _______
2-6 weeks
