Auditory System Flashcards by Kaitlyn LaGrow

Sound waves are measured in…

frequency and amplitude

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Frequency is

A. the number of times per second that a pressure wave repeats itself
B. the relative strength of a sound wave

A. the number of times per second that a pressure wave repeats itself

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Frequency is measured in

Hertz

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The range of important speed sounds is

A. 500-9000 Hz
B. 250-6000 Hz
C. 80-550 Hz
D. 1000-10000 Hz

B. 250- 6000

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Amplitude is

A. the number of times per second that a pressure wave repeats itself
B. the relative strength of a sound wave

B. The relative strength of a sound wave

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Amplitude is measured in

decibles

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A typical conversational volume is about…

A. 100dB
B: 330 dB
C. 60 dB
D. 10 dB

C. 60 dB

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T/F: To determine the location of the origin of sound, we only use information coming from one ear (monaural)

False, we compare monaural and binaural information

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The job of the external ear is to _____ sound waves

A. transmit
B. convert
C. capture

C. capture

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The job of the inner ear is to ______ sound waves

A. transmit
B. convert
C. capture

B. convert

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The job of the middle ear is to _____ sound waves

A. transmit
B. convert
C. capture

A. transmit

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Which two structures are found in the external ear?

A. the external autidtory meatus
B. the oricle
C. the cochlea
D. the oval window

A. the external autidtory meatus
B. the oricle

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The external ear ends at the ________ membrane

Tympanic

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What are the 3 auditory ossicles located in the middle ear?

the mallus, incus, and stapes

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The middle ear transfers incoming vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea, which allows for a transfer of energy called…

impedance matching

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Which two muscles are located in the middle ear?

The tensor tympani and the stapedius

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The role of the tensor tympani and the stapedius is to…

protective function, that modifies transmission of vibration and dampens sound

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What tube is important for transmission of sound, and is how air pressure is kept constant with the environment?

The eustachian tube

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The inner ear consists of the

The cochlea

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Which is NOT one of the three compartments of the cochlea?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media
D. joe

D. joe

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Which of these compartments are filled with perilymph?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

A and B (scala vestibuli and tympani)

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Perilymph has a ____ concentration of K+ and a ____ concentration of Na+, making it similar to extracellular fluid

A. high, low
B. low, low
C. high, high
D. low, high

D. low, high

low K+
high Na+

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Which of the following compartments contains endolymph?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

C. scala media

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Which of the following compartments contains the organ of corti

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

C. scala media

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Which of the following compartments is an ascending chamber? A. scala vestibuli B. scala tympani C. scala media

A. scala vestibui - scala tympani is descending

The scala media is separated from the scala vestibuli by A. risner's membrane B. basillar membrane

A. risner's membrane

Fluid moving through the 3 chambers causes vibrations in the ___________, resulting in stimulation of hair cells

organ of corti

Amplitude (intensity) of the sound wave is encoded via....

population and frequency coding

The basilar membrane is thicker & more flexible at the _______ A. apex B. base

apex

The basilar membrane is more narrow & stiffer at the A. apex B. base

base

The hair cells in the organ of corti are taller at the A. apex B. base

Apex

The peak of a higher frequency is found where along the basilar membrane? A. apex B. base

B. base - low frequency at the apex

T/F: Hair cells in the organ of corti CAN be replaced

False

The majority of information is carried on _______ hair cells A. inner B. outer

Inner

What type hair cell makes up the majority of hair cells in the organ of corti? A. inner B. outer

B. outer

What is the role of the outer hair cells?

To amplify signals and tune the cochlea to certain sounds

The taller sterocilia are embedded in the ___________ membrane A. basilar B. tectorial

B. tectorial membrane (roof)

Upward movement of the basialar membrane causes the stereocilia to bend _______ the tallest stereocilia, causing _______ of the cell A. away, inhibition B. towards, excitation C. towards, inhibition D. away, excitation

B. towards, excitation

Bending of the stereocilia towards the tallest stereocilia causes an influx of K+ that ______ the hair cell A. depolarizes B. hyperpolarizes

A. depolarize

The downward movement of the basillar membrane causes _______ of the cell A. excitation B. inhibition

inhibition

Select all that apply for Type I fibers A. respond to low intensity sound B. receive input from 1-2 inner hair cells C. respond to narrow frequency ranges D. convey amplitude/volume E. convey pitch F. receive input from 10 outer hair cells

B, C, E

Select all that apply for Type II fibers A. respond to low intensity sound B. receive input from 1-2 inner hair cells C. respond to narrow frequency ranges D. convey amplitude/volume E. convey pitch F. receive input from 10 outer hair cells

A, D, F

The cochlear nerve projects to ______ in the brainstem

the cochlear nuclei - they are tonotopically organized

The 2nd order neurons project to the ______ of the midbrain

inferior colliculi

The direct pathway is ______ A. monaural B. binaural

A. monaural (1 ear)

The direct pathway processes A. localization of sound B. pitch and volume

B. pitch and volume

Information in the direct pathway about frequency and intensity of sound is projected to the A. ipsilateral primary auditory cortex B. contralateral primary auditory cortex

B. contralateral primary auditory cortex

The indirect pathway processes A. localization of sound B. pitch and volume

A. localization of sound

T/F: Mapping of sound in the vertical plane involves comparing the sounds that reach the tympanic membrane indirectly and directly (done by one ear)

True

Mapping of sound in the horizontal plane is done by

comparing differences between sound arriving at both ears

Interaural time differences is used to map the location of A. high frequency sounds B. low frequency sounds (like speech)

B. low frequency sounds, like speech

Interaural time differences is done in the A. medial superior olivary nucleus B. lateral superior olivary nucleus

A. medial superior olivary nucleus

Interaural intensity differences is used to map the location of A. high frequency sounds B. low frequency sounds (like speech)

A. high frequency sounds

What is the main integrative center of the indirect pathway?

The inferior colliculi

T/F: the tonotopic map is preserved in the inferior colliculi

True

Wernicke's area is the location of A. expressive language B. The "who, what" stream of vision C. receptive language D. the where, how" stream of vision

C. receptive language

Broca's area is the location of A. expressive language B. The "who, what" stream of vision C. receptive language D. the "where, how" stream of vision

A. expressive language

The parietal area is the location of integration of the A. expressive language B. The "who, what" stream of vision C. receptive language D. the "where, how" stream of vision

D. the "where, how" stream of vision

The temporal area is the location of integration of the A. expressive language B. The "who, what" stream of vision C. receptive language D. the "where, how" stream of vision

B. the "who, what" stream of vision

The lateral olivocochlear efferents project to _______ hair cells where they synapse with type _____ afferents A. contralateral, type I B. contralateral, type II C. ipsilateral, type I D. ipsilateral, type II

C. ipsilateral, type I

The medial olivocochlear efferents cause A. hyperpolarization B. depolarization

B. depolarization

The importance of the olivocochlear bundle is to...

tune the cochlea to certain sounds based on context

The middle ear reflex protects us from

high intensity sounds

The afferent limb of the middle ear reflex is carried by what cranial nerve? A. CN VIII (cochlear) B. CN V (trigeminal) C. CN III (occulomotor) D. CN VII (facial)

A. CN VIII (cochlear) - this nerve will then output to facial and trigeminal nerves

In the efferent limb, there is contraction of which two muscles?

The tensor tympani and the stapedius - this contraction stiffens the bony chain to reduce transmission of vibration throughout the cochlea

Conductive hearing loss is caused by damage to the _____ elements of the ear A. peripheral B. central

A. peripheral

Otosclerosis is A. infection of the middle ear B. infection of the auditory canal C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

Otitis externa is A. infection of the middle ear B. infection of the auditory canal C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

B. infection of the auditory canal (swimmers ear!)

Otitis media is A. infection of the middle ear B. infection of the auditory canal C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

A. infection of the middle ear

T/F: Otosclerosis, otisis externa and media are all causes of conductive hearing loss

True

An individual with conductive hearing loss will experience sound ________ on the affected side during a Weber test A. louder B. quieter

A. louder - this is called lateralized toward the affected ear

An individual with conductive hearing loss will hear sound during ________, but not during ________ stage of the Rinne test A. bone conduction, air conduction B. air conduction, bone conduction

A. bone conduction, air conduction - air conduction should be 2x longer than bone conduction

Sensorineual hearing loss is caused by damage to... A. the cochlea B. the cochlear portion of CN VIII C. the cochlear nuclei D. all of the above

D. all of the above

An individual with sensorineual hearing loss will experience sound being ______ on the non-affected side during a Weber test A. louder B. quieter

A. louder

Central deafness is caused by damage to the A. central auditory pathways B. cochlea C. external auditory meatus

A. central auditory pathways

T/F: central deafness does not usually cause significant hearing loss, but it alters perception of sound

True

Auditory inattention, difficulty following conversation in noisy environments, and auditory hallucinations are all symptoms of

Central deafness

An MCA stroke would cause which auditory deficit? A. monaural hearing loss B. aphasia C. no hearing loss, but forms of central deafness

Aphasia