Visual System Flashcards by Kaitlyn LaGrow

The optic nerve is…

a collection of retinal ganglion cell axons that carry information from the retina to the brain

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The optic tract carries information to the _______

lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

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The optic nerve disc is the location of…

The “blind spot”

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The maccula and fovea are important for ______ fields of vision

A. peripheral
B. central

A. Central

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The medial (nasal) portions of vision will be projected onto the _____ portion of the retina…

A. medial (nasal)
B. lateral (temporal)

B. lateral (temporal)

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The lateral (temporal) portions of vision will be projected onto the ______ portion of the retina…

A. medial (nasal)
B. lateral (temporal)

A. medial (nasal)

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The innermost layer of the eye contains the…

A. sclera
B. retina
C. iris
D. ciliary body

B. the retina

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Which of the following structures is NOT located in the middle layer of the eye?

A. retina
B. choroid
C. ciliary body
D. lens
E. iris
F. pupil

A. the retina

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What is in the outermost layer of the eye?

A. the retina
B. ciliary body
C. sclera
D. pupil

C. the sclera
- the sclera is a protective outer layer, point of attachment for the extra-occular muscles, and continues as the cornea

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The cornea is innervated by which cranial nerve?

The trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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Visual acuity is…

The ability to detect and recognize small objects, depending on focusing power of the eye’s lens system

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Astigmatism is…

A. nearsightedness (difficulty seeing distance)
B. flattening of the lens as we age, causing a decreased ability to focus on near objects
C. an irregularly shaped cornea, where light fails to come to a single focus (difficulty seeing near and far)
D. farsightedness (difficulty seeing up close)

C. an irregularly shaped cornea, where light fails to come to a single focus (difficulty seeing near and far)

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T/F: an astigmatism can be diagnosed in combination with myopia or hyperopia

True

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Presybyopia is…

B. flattening of the lens as we age, causing a decreased ability to focus on near objects

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Myopia is…

A. nearsightedness (difficulty seeing distance)

caused by eye being too long and the cornea/lens being too curved

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Hyperopia is…

D. farsightedness (difficulty seeing up close)

caused by the eye being to short and the cornea/lens being too flat

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What is a strabismus?

A. ability to detect and recognize small objects, depending on focusing power
B. a condition where the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel

B. a condition where the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel

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Which are types of vertical strabismus?

A. esotropia
B. hypotropia
C. hypertropia
D. exotropia

B & C… hypotropia and hypertropia

esotropia and exotropia are forms of horizontal strabismus

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What are the two main layers of the retina?

The neural retina and the retinal pigmented epithelium

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What is the innermost layer of the retina?

A. the photoreceptive layer
B. the inner plexiform layer
C. the outer nuclear layer
D. the nerve fiber layer

D. the nerve fiber layer

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What is the outermost layer of the retina?

A. the photoreceptive layer
B. the inner plexiform layer
C. the outer nuclear layer
D. the nerve fiber layer

A. the photoreceptive layer

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Select all that apply: which layers of the neural retina contain cell bodies?

A. inner plexiform
B. the retinal ganglion cell layer
C. the outer nuclear layer
D. the inner nuclear layer

B,C, and D

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Which of the following layers of the neural retina is the location of synapses?

A. inner plexiform layer
B. inner nuclear layer
C. outer plexiform layer
D. outer nuclear layer

A & C, the inner and outer plexiform layers

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Which of the following layers of the neural retina contains rods and cones?

A. the inner nuclear layer
B. the nerve fiber layer
C. the outer nuclear layer
D. the photoreceptive layer

C & D, the outer nuclear and photoreceptive layer

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Age related macular degeneration is a progressive chronic disease of the _______ A. macula B. ciliary body C. fovea D. sclera

A. the macula (central field of vision)

Neovascular, also known as wet age-related, macular degeneration is caused by... A. formation of new, weak blood vessels in the choroid, that break and cause fibrous scarring in the retina B. a progressive atrophy of the pigmented epithelial layer of the retina and photoreceptors

A. formation of new, weak blood vessels in the choroid, that break and cause fibrous scarring in the retina Geographic atrophy (dry age-related) is a progressive atrophy of the pigmented epithelial layer of the retina and photoreceptors

What are the three types of retinal detachment?

Tractional, Exudative, and rhegmatogenous

Rhematogenous is... A. a break/tear in the retina that causes leaking of the vitrous body behind the retina B. fluid buildup behind the retina C. scar tissue buildup pulling the retina away from the back of the eye

A. a break/tear in the retina that causes leaking of the vitrous body behind the retina - this is the most common form of retinal detachment!

Tractional retinal detachment is A. a break/tear in the retina that causes leaking of the vitrous body behind the retina B. fluid buildup behind the retina C. scar tissue buildup pulling the retina away from the back of the eye

C. scar tissue buildup pulling the retina away from the back of the eye

A cause of exudative retinal detachment is... A. Dry age related macular degeneration (neovascular) B. Wet age related macular degeneration (geographic atrophy)

B. Wet age related macular degeneration (geographic atrophy)

The photopigment of the rods is called...

rhodopsin

The photopigment of the cones is called...

conopsin

Where are cones located? A. the peripheral retina B. in the macula and fovea

B. in the macula and fovea

T/F: Cones respond to chromatic light

True

Select all that apply: rods contribute to _____ vision A. scotopic (vision under low light) B. photopic (vision under well-lighted conditions) C. peripheral vision D. night vision E. high acuity, central field vision

A, C, and D - Scotopic, peripheral, and night vision

Select all that apply: cones contributes to ____ vision A. scotopic (vision under low light) B. photopic (vision under well- lighted conditions) C. color vision D. high acuity central field vision E: night vision

B, C, and D - photopic, color, and high acuity central field vision

At rest (in the dark), the photoreceptors are _____. A. hyperpolarized B. depolarized

B. depolarized - there is a release of glutamate because of open sodium channels

When light comes into photoreceptors, it triggers _______, which hyperpolarizes the cell.

G-protein transduction - the release of phosphodiesterase closes the sodium channels, causing hyperpolarization and the decreased release of glutamate

ON bipolar cells are ______ by glutamate in the dark state A. depolarized B. hyperpolarized

A. Hyperpolarized

ON bipolar cells are ____ when the photoreceptor is turned off (in the presence of light) A. depolarized B. hyperpolarized

A. depolarized

OFF bipolar cells are ______ by glutamate in the dark state A. depolarized B. hyperpolarized

A. depolarized

OFF bipolar cells are ____ when the photoreceptor is turned off (in the presence of light) A. depolarized B. hyperpolarized

B. hyperpolarized

ON bipolar cells: When the center of the field is bright, and the outside is dark, the cell will _______ A. hyperpolarize B. depolarize

B. depolarize

ON bipolar cells: When the center of the field is dark, and the outside is bright, the cell will _______ A. hyperpolarize B. depolarize

A. hyperpolarize

OFF bipolar cells: When the center of the field is bright, and the outside is dark, the cell will _______ A. hyperpolarize B. depolarize

A. hyperpolarize

OFF bipolar cells: When the center of the field is dark, and the outside is bright, the cell will _______ A. hyperpolarize B. depolarize

B. depolarize

What are the two classifications of ganglion cells?

P and M cells

P cells are responsive to ____ A. light onset/offset B. color and transience

B. color and transience

M cells are responsive to ____ A. light onset/offset B. color and transience

A. light onset/offset

T/F: The P cells will increase and decrease it's firing rate synchronously with the wave of light stimulus

True

M cells are found predominantly in the ______ retina A. peripheral B. central

A. peripheral

M cells receive input mainly from ___-bipolar cells A. Cone B. Rod

B. Rod-bipolar cells

Which type of ganglion cell has a bigger receptive field?

M cells

M cells are sensitive to.... A. color stimuli B. moving stimuli

B. moving stimuli - P cells are more receptive to color stimuli because they receive input from cone-bipolar cells

90% of all ganglion cells are...

P cells

What is the monocular zone? A. the central region of visual field B. portion of vision seen with only one eye C. portions of each fields that are only seen by that eye D. a blind spot

B. the portion of vision seen with only one eye - this is different that monocular crescents!!!!

What is the binocular zone? A. the central region of visual field B. portion of vision seen with only one eye C. portions of each fields that are only seen by that eye D. a blind spot

A. the central region of visual field - seen by overlapping of the monocular zones of each eye

What is a monocular crescent? A. the central region of visual field B. portion of vision seen with only one eye C. portions of each fields that are only seen by that eye D. a blind spot

C. portions of each fields that are seen only by that eye

The temporal portions of visual fields are projected onto the ______ portion of the retina on the _______ side A. temporal, same side B. temporal, different side C. nasal, same side D. nasal, different side

C. nasal, same side

The nasal portions of visual fields are projected onto the ______ portion of the retina on the _______ side A. temporal, same side B. temporal, opposite side C. nasal, same side D. nasal, opposite side

B. temporal, opposite side

The inferior portions of the visual field will be projected on the _______ retina A. inferior B. superior

B. superior

The superior portions of the visual field will be projected on the ______ retina A. inferior B. superior

A. inferior

Axons of the retinal ganglion cells form the ______ A. optic nerve B. optic tract C. optic chaism

A. optic nerve

What is the crossing of the nasal portions of each retina?

The optic chiasm

What conveys the entire contralateral visual field to the lateral geniculate body A. optic nerve B. optic tract C. optic chaism

B. optic tract

The meyer loop ______ A. carries superior field of vision B. carries central field of vision C. carries inferior field of vision

A. carries superior field of vision

An injury at the optic nerve would result in...

- loss of the monocular zone of the side effected R side: right eye blindness L side: left eye blindness

An injury at the optic chiasm would result in...

bitemporal hemianopa - loss of right and left temporal fields of vision

Bitemportal Hemianopa

loss of right and left temporal fields of vision

The ventral stream of vision is the... A. "who and what" stream of vision B. "where and how" stream of vision

A. "who and what" stream of vision

The medial and inferior temporal lobe are important for A. object identification B. face recognition C. perception for action D. A & B

D: A & B - both object identification and face recognition are important roles of the medial and inferior temporal lobes.

T/F: the ventral stream of vision is important for finely detailed, high-resolution aspects of vision

True, these are needed to recognize objects, words, and faces

The dorsal stream of vision is the... A. "who and what" stream of vision B. "where and how" stream of vision

B. "where and how" stream of vision

T/F: the dorsal stream of vision is vision for perception

False, the dorsal stream is vision for action

The posterior parietal cortex is important for A. object identification B. face identification C. perception for action D. A & B

C: perception for action

Predictive coding involves the interaction between

bottom-up and top-down processing

Spatial attention is A. being able to discriminate features belonging to the same object B. selecting behaviorally relevant stimuli C. highlighting components of a scene sharing similar attributes (color, orientation, or direction of movement)

B. Selecting behaviorally relevant stimuli

Object oriented attention is A. being able to discriminate features belonging to the same object B. selecting behaviorally relevant stimuli C. highlighting components of a scene sharing similar attributes (color, orientation, or direction of movement)

A. being able to discriminate features belonging to the same object

Feature oriented attention is A. being able to discriminate features belonging to the same object B. selecting behaviorally relevant stimuli C. highlighting components of a scene sharing similar attributes (color, orientation, or direction of movement)

C. highlighting components of a scene sharing similar attributes (color, orientation, or direction of movement)