AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER and IMMUNOASSAY

Question 1

the ability of the immune system to accept self-antigens and not initiate a response against them

Answer 1

Self-tolerance

Question 2

T/F
women are more affected than man due to hormonal influence

Answer 2

true

Question 3

S1: estrogens favors type 2 helper cell , resulting in more B-cell activation and antibody production
S2: androgen favor type 1 helper cell response with the activation of Cd8+ T cella

Answer 3

Both are true

Question 4

T/F
Prolactin, can stimulate both humoral and cell mediated immune response

Answer 4

True

Question 5

transfer of tissue within the same individual

Answer 5

Autograft

Question 6

most immunogenic transplant tissue

Answer 6

Bone marrow
Bone
Skin
Heart
Islet of langerhans
Lungs
Kidney
Xenogeneic valve replacement

Question 7

least immunogenic transplant tissue

Answer 7

Cornea

Question 8

Transfer of cells or tissues to a genetically identically identical individual but of the same species (identical human twins)

Answer 8

Syngeneic (ISO) graft

Question 9

transfer of cells or tissues to a genetically non-identical member of the same species (family member)

Answer 9

Allograft

Question 10

transfer of cells or tissues to member of a different species

Answer 10

Xenograft (heterograft)

Question 11

associated with the presence of anti-microsomal antibodies (also known as anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
-decrease thyroid hormone, Increase TSH

Answer 11

Hashimoto disease

Question 12

Characterized by hyperplasia and diffuse goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
caused by an thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin or ANTI-TSH

Answer 12

Grave’s disease

Question 13

a neuromuscular disease characterized by non-functional nerve muscle
-characterized by presence of anti-acetylcholine receptor which block nerve impulses and can initiate damage to nuerons

Answer 13

myansthenia gravis

Question 14

Characterized by demyelinization of the nerves due to the presence of ANTI-MYELIN SHEATH

Answer 14

Multiple sclerosia

Question 15

-characterized by destruction of the islet cells in the pancreas resulting in insulin deficiency

Answer 15

Type 1 diabetes

Question 16

describe as an antibody against another antibody, specifically described as an IgM antibody that acts against the Fc portion of an IgG

Answer 16

Rheumatoid factor

Question 17

are globulins that reversibly precipitates at cold temperature (4c)
-not specific, can be found in various autoimmune conditions

Answer 17

Cryoglobulin

Question 18

interaction between a particulate antigen with an antibody

Answer 18

Agglutination reaction

Question 19

interaction between a soluble antigen with antibody

Answer 19

Precipitation

Question 20

interaction between a antigen, antibody and labeled

Answer 20

Labeled immunoassay

Question 21

involves RNA and DNA analysis

Answer 21

nucleic acid test

Question 22

it has more antigen binding site, and agglutinates more quickly

Answer 22

IgM

Question 23

occurs when concentration of the antigen and antibody are both equal

Answer 23

Zone of equivalence

Question 24

occurs when particles in suspension clump together due to antibody-antigen interaction

Answer 24

Agglutination

Question 25

two step process of agglutination

Answer 25

Sensitization lattice formation

Question 26

types of precipitation reaction in a fluid medium

Answer 26

Turbidimetry Nephelometry

Question 27

is a measure of the turbidity or cloudiness of a solution -measure light BLOCKED by suspension of particles -measures reduction in light intensity caused by reflection, absorption, or scatter

Answer 27

Turbidimetry

Question 28

measure the light that is SCATTERED at a particular angle form the incident beam as it passes through a suspension.

Answer 28

Nephelometry

Question 29

Nephelometers typically measures light at what angle?

Answer 29

10 degrees to about 90 degrees

Question 30

what immunoglobulin cannot be measured using nephelometry

Answer 30

IgD

Question 31

only antigen is diffuses- the antibody is incorporated in the gel

Answer 31

Radial immunodiffusion

Question 32

both the antigen and antibody diffuses in the gel

Answer 32

Ouchterlony double diffusion

Question 33

positive result for radial immunodiffusion

Answer 33

formation of precipitin ring

Question 34

antigen antibody diffusion with the aid of electric current; use of electricity serves to accelerate the diffusion of antigen and antibody

Answer 34

Electrophoresis

Question 35

antigen antibody are allowed to diffuse on its own without the aid of electric current,

Answer 35

passive immunodiffusion

Question 36

also known as laurell electrophoresis -antigen diffuse with the aid of electricity; antibody is incorporated in the gel

Answer 36

Rocket immunoelectrophoresis

Question 37

antigen and antibody are placed on opposite wells in an agar plate or slide -an electric current is applied to accelerate the movement of the antigen and antibody

Answer 37

Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis

Question 38

method that uses antigens that are naturally attached to a particulate molecule to demonstrate agglutination

Answer 38

Direct agglutination

Question 39

the soluble antigen attached to a carrier particle producing agglutination

Answer 39

Passive or indirect agglutination

Question 40

the antibody is attached to a carrier particle, which produces agglutination in the presence of a specific soluble antigen

Answer 40

Reverse passive agglutination

Question 41

often used in pregnancy testing; positive result is the ABSENCE of agglutination

Answer 41

Agglutination inhibition

Question 42

makes use of anti-human globulin which serves as bridge to connect two non-agglutinating antibodies like IgG

Answer 42

AHG- mediated Agglutination Reaction

Question 43

an ANTIBODY excess, can cause false negative reaction

Answer 43

Prozone effect [remedy: perform dilution]

Question 44

an ANTIGEN excess, can cause false negative reaction

Answer 44

Post-zone [remedy: repeat the test after a week]

Question 45

STEPS IN AGGLUTINATION it is the first reaction involves antigen-antibody combination through SINGLE ANTIGENIC determinants on the particle surface

Answer 45

sensitization phase

Question 46

STEPS IN AGGLUTINATION representing the sum of interaction between antibody and MULTIPLE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS ON A PARTICLE

Answer 46

lattice formation