Automation Flashcards
(23 cards)
introduction of electronics, robotics, and highly advanced technical methodologies
AUTOMATION
- Sample processing/ preparation
- Analyte measurement or chemical analysis
- Data management
Pre analytic
Analytic
Post-analytic
- All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway.
- They automatically pass from one stage to another without waiting to bring the samples to the same stage of completion.
- Reagents, diluents and samples are pumped through a system of continuous tubing
- One sample, one test
- Samples and reagent flow through a system of continuous tubings
- Parallel testing: One test at a time
- Disadvantage: Significant carry-over and costly reagent waste
CONTINUOUS FLOW
CONTINUOUS FLOW
- Serve as a separating and cleaning media / mechanism
- Introduced in continuous flow analyzer to minimize diffusion of reagents and mixing between samples
Air bubbles
- As the rotor is accelerated, centrifugal force moves the reagent and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into a cuvette
- As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically.
- Many samples, one test (Batch Testings)
- One test (analyte) in batch-type systems
- All samples are loaded at the same time
- Uses centrifugal force to transfer specimens and reagents in cuvettes.
CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS
- The most versatile approach and with random access stat capabilit
DISCRETE ANALYSIS
- Each sample reactions is handled to a separate compartment and does not come into contact with another sample
- The samples and standards are handled on a batch and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure
- All reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached
DISCRETE ANALYSIS
Process:
* Carry-over will not be a problem
* Measures only the tests requested on a sample
* Capable of measuring multiple tests (analyte) at one sample at a time
* Each sample and reagent mixture is handled separately in their own reaction container
* Many test, one sample OR many sample, one test
DISCRETE ANALYSIS
- A 16 mm square chip which contains several very thin layer that accepts a metered drop of serum, speareds it evenly into a reagent layer, then confines the colored product to a fixed area for reference spectrophotometry
- Uses microvolumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis
- No need for reagent preparation
- Kodak Ektachem (Vitros)
Dry Slide / Thin File Analyzers
What analyzer has an approach with random access capability?
Discrete Analyzer/ Analysis
What is a Random Access STAT Capability?
Allows stat samples to be
prioritized in the middle of testing
other routine samples.
What analyzer: Many samples, one test?
Answer:
■ Discrete analyzer
■ Centrifugal analyzer
What analyzer: Many samples, one test OR many test, one sample?
Answer: Discrete analyzer
What analyzer: One test, one sample?
Answer: Continuous flow analyzer
What analyzer: SSRIS - Dry Chemistry?
Answer: Dry Slide / Thin File Analyzer
What analyzer: With Air Bubbles?
Answer: Continuous Flow Analyzer
What analyzer: Reagent contamination?
Answer: Continuous Flow Analyzer
FEATURES OF SELECTED HIGH VOLUME CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOASSAY ANALYZER
- Throughput (tests per hour)
- Number of (____) simultaneously
- Number of (open/closed) channels
- Number of (____) electrode
- (combination/separation) technology
- (minimum/maximum) sample volume aspirated (uL)
- The (more/less) amount of sample, the better
- Dedicated pediatric sample cup/dead volume
- Short sample/clot/interference detection
- Onboard test automatic inventory
- Remote troubleshooting by (____)
2.onboard assays
3. open
4. ion selective electrode
5. separation/detection
6. minimum
7. less
11.modem
A laboratory that uses different machines but the
sections are still divided in the lab
Automated Laboratory
A laboratory that uses different machines placed
side by side connected by a conveyor system
Partial Automation
○ All the machines in the laboratory are connected
○ No more sections
○ The sorting of the specimen is already done by
the machines (sorting area)
○ With conveyor system wherein the tubes are delivered and transported to the different machines
Total Laboratory Automation
STEPS IN AUTOMATED ANALYSIS
Sample ID
Test Selection
Reagent Delivery
Chemical Reaction
Measurements
Data Handling
Reporting
Troubleshooting
FEATURES OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYZERS
● Primary tube cap piercing
● Short sample and clot detection
● Automatic patient sample dilution and retest
● Onboard test automatic inventory
● Remote troubleshooting by modem
