Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What does the autonomic system control

Answer 1

Viscera of the body so involuntary response

Question 2

What i the name of the autonomic system that works in conjunction with the central nervous system to regulate the digestive system

Answer 2

Enteric nervous system

Question 3

What kind of response does the sympathetic system elicit

Answer 3

Increase in activity time of stress fear and anxiety

Increase in BP, blood sugar, redirection of blood flow to skeletal and way from viscera.

Also causes dilation of pupils and decrease in saliva as body directs attention away from digestive tract

Question 4

What responses does the parasympathetic system elicit

Answer 4

Targets viscera, abdomen and pelvis

Decrease in CO,speeds up peristalsis in GI tract and increases salivation

It promotes digestive processes and causes pupillary constriction

Question 5

Autonomic pathways are efferent and consist of how many neurons which synapse ina ganglion

Answer 5

2

Pregnaglionic are myelinated and post ganglionic are not

Question 6

Which preganglionic neuron tends to be shorter, sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 6

Sympathetic are shorter and are closer to the CNS than those of parasympathetic divsion

Question 7

Which are the two Neurotransmitters used in the ANS and which kind of response do they have

Answer 7

Acetylcholine and noradrenaline

They both have excitatory posynaptic effects

Question 8

The release of ACH from the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons causes what..

Answer 8

Increase in gut motility and decreases cardiac muslce contraction

Question 9

What is the fibre called if it resales ACH

Answer 9

Cholinergic fibres

Question 10

What is the fibre called if it releases noradrenaline

Answer 10

Adrenergic fibres

Question 11

What is noradrenaline involved in

Answer 11

It is involved in the wakefulness and attention

It’s postngalgion sympathetic fibres to internal organs and most blood vessels use noradrenaline to decrease gut motility and increase cardiac muslce contraction

Question 12

Where is the origin of PARASYMPATHETIC preganglionic neuuron cell bodies.

Answer 12

Is from the nuclei in the brainstem and cn3,7,9,10

And from the sacral spinal cord and nerves S2-4

They travel to ganglia located close to their target organ

Question 13

What is the location of the SYMPATHETIC pregnalionic neurones

Answer 13

Spinal segments T1-L2. Specifically in lateral horn

Question 14

Which type of ganglia form the sympathetic chain?

Answer 14

Paravertebral ganglia form the sympathetic chain

Question 15

Where do the meet left and right sympathetic chains join?`

Answer 15

Ganglion impair, sits in front of sacrum

Question 16

How is the stellate ganglion formed?

Answer 16

The C7 and T1 ganglia fun to form large ganglion

Question 17

Where do the sympathic neurons leave the spinal cord and how do they enter the sympathetic chain

Answer 17

Leave the spinal cord via the ventral root( Carry’s motor fibres)
From part of a spinal nerve
Enter the ganglia of the sympathetic chain via the white ramps communications

Question 18

Once the preganglionic neurons have entered the symphathetic chain what are the three courses they can take?

Answer 18

1. Synapse with the ganglia at the same level; with a postganglionc Neuron from grey matter ramus

2.Travel up or down chain to synapse in a ganglion at a different level with post ganglion neurons that exit via grey ramus communicans

3. Exit the ganglia via a splanchnic nerve to a prevertabral ganglion where it will synapse with a post ganglionic neuron

Question 19

If the sympathetic preganaglionic neuron is destined for the head what will it do when it gets into the chain

Answer 19

It will ascend the sympathetic trunk and synapse in the superior cervical region.

From here the post ganglionic fibres will travel into the head region and along surfaces of internal carotid artery and carotid plexus

Question 20

If the sympathetic post ganglionic neuron is destined for the trunk and limps where will it synapse

Answer 20

It will synapse in the ganglia of the sympathetic chain and send post ganglionic fibres via gray rami communicans to be distributed with the spinal nerves to target tissue

Question 21

If the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are to go to the abdomen and pelvis, how do they do this, do they synapse

Answer 21

NO these axons travel through the chain without synapsing and they will proceed via splanchinc nerves to specific prevertebral ganglia to sypnase with post ganglionic target neurons

Question 22

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system begin in the thoracolumbar region and so must ascend to reach the head and neck, which trunk is the continuation of the thoracic sympathic trunk

Answer 22

The Cervical sympathic trunk

Question 23

The cervical ganglia are where the preganglionic neurons synapses in the head and neck before hitch hiking with arteries to reach their target, where are these cerival ganglions ?

Answer 23

Superior cerivcal ganglion - C1/2

Middle - C6

Inferior - C7

Question 24

How do the post ganglionic axons form the superior cervical ganglion arch their target organs

Answer 24

By forming a plexus around the common carotid artery and its branches

Question 25

What do the cervical ganglia regulate sympathetic innervation of;

Answer 25

Eyes ( pupil dilation), eyelids, lacrimal glands, Carotid body, salivary and sweat glands

Question 26

What is Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 26

Damage to the cervical sympathetic trunk resulting in absence of the sympathetically stimulated functions on the ipsilateral side of the head

Question 27

What are the three common signs of Horners syndrome

Answer 27

Miosis, ptosis, flushed face and anhydrosis

Question 28

What is miosis

Answer 28

Constriction of the pupil because the parasympathetically stimulated sphincter of the pupil is unopposed

Question 29

What is ptosis

Answer 29

Drooping of superior eyelid

Question 30

Why do you get a flushed face and anhydrosis( little or no sweat) in horners syndrome

Answer 30

Caused by the lack of sympathetic ( vasoconstrictive ) nerve supply to the blood vessels and sweat glands

Question 31

If a pregnaglionic neuron does not synapse in the sympathetic chain what does it exit as and where will they synapse

Answer 31

Splanchnic nerve - these will go onto synapse with postganglionc neurons in prevertebral ganglia

Question 32

What kind of neurons is the adrenal medulla supplied by

Answer 32

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons

Question 33

Which kind of cells do the preganglionic sympathetic fibres synapse with in the adrenal medlla

Answer 33

They synapse with the chromaffin cells which release adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood stream

Question 34

Discuss the parasympathetic innveration of the oculumotor nerve

Answer 34

Preganglionic - neurons travel from Edinger-Westphalia nucleus in the brain to the ciliary ganglion Postganlionic - neurons travel to innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

Question 35

Discuss parasympathetic innervation of the facial nerve

Answer 35

The neurones from the facial nerve synapse with the ptergoplataine and submandibular ganglion Postganglionc from ptergoplalatine go to lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa via the greater petrosal. Nerve Postganglionic from submandibular ganglion go to submandibular gland via the chorda tympani

Question 36

Discuss the parasympathetic innveration of cn9

Answer 36

The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons from CN9 synapse with the otic ganglion The post ganglionic nerves then go to the parotid gland via the auricotemporal nerve

Question 37

Make note on where all the ganglia lay

Question 38

Does the CN10 provide parasympathetic supply to the head and neck

Answer 38

No but to abdomen and thorax

Question 39

Discuss the parasympathic innervation of the cn10

Answer 39

Presynaptic neurons travel rom the dorsal nucleas of the vaugus nerve to the nucleus ambiguous Within the carotid sheath Then synapses with the postganglionc fibres in the ganglia close to or within the target organ

Question 40

Which kind of muscle is the nucleus ambiguous (in the vagus nerve) for specifically

Answer 40

Cardiac muslce - these nerve fibres then travel with the vagus nerve from the carotid canal to the arch of the aorta.