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Anatomy BDS3 > Gross Anamtomy Of Brain And Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Gross Anamtomy Of Brain And Spinal Cord Flashcards

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1
Q

When controlling skeletal muscles of the body the left hand side of the brain controls which side of the body

A

The brain is split into two hemispheres ( left and right) and each hemisphere controls the contralateral side of the body

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2
Q

Which is the dominant cerebral hemisphere and what is that more responsible for

A

For 90% of people the left hemisphere is the dominant one

It is responsible for complex functions such as language, reading, writing and speech

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3
Q

What is the non dominant hemisphere more specialised for

A

The right hemisphere tends to be more for non verbal functions such as the orientation of the body in relation to its environment, visual experience and interperance of musical pattens

It is also responsible for throughout process involving emotion and intuition

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4
Q

How are the two hemispheres connected and what kinds of of information is transferred here

A

Via the corpus callosum

Information is transferred between the hemispheres for interpretation, decision making and comparison.

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5
Q

What s the main function gyri ( the ridges) and sulci ( the grooves)

A

They function to increase the surface area of the brain

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6
Q

Discuss white and gray mater in relation to the brain

A

The outer surface of the brain ( cerebral cortex) is made up of 6 layers of neuronal cell bodies which constitute the gray matter

More interiorly the axons of these cells are myelinated which gives them a whitish appearance - white mater

GRAY MATTER SURROUNDS WHITE MATTER IN BRAIN

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7
Q

In the spinal cord how does the organisation of the gray and white mater differ form the brain

A

In the brain the gray surrounds the white mater

the spine is the OPPOSITE

In the spine the gray mater is enclosed by white matter

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8
Q

Which fissure divides the left and right hemispheres

A

The longitudinal fissure

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9
Q

The cerebrum contains the cerebral cortex.

Discuss what the cerebrum is responsible for

A

Higher brain activities including memory,intelligence and personality

Aswell as the interpretation of impulses from sense organs and initiation of voluntary muscle movement.

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10
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum

A

Control of balance on IPSILATERAL side

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11
Q

What separates the two lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

The VERMIS

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12
Q

What are the ridges in the cerebellum called

A

Folia

This means ‘leaves’’ and when looking at the saggital section of cerebellum can see that it is almost tree like

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13
Q

What are the three elements of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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14
Q

What is the function of the brain stem

A

It connects the brain to the spinal cord

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15
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain

A

Midbrain lies at the junction of the middle and posteior cranial fossa

Cranial nerve - 3 and 4

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16
Q

Where is pons located and which cranial nerves are associated with it

A

Lies in the anterior part of the cranial fossa

Cranial nerves - trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

Where is the medulla and which cranial nerves are associated with it

A

Lies in the posterior cranial fossa and is the part which is containing with the spinal cord.

CN - 9,10 and 12

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18
Q

A few cranial nerves emerge at the junction o pons and medulla oblongata, which are they

A

Cranial nerves 6,7 and 8

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19
Q

What is the central core of the brain and where does it sit

A

The diencephalon ( epithalamus, subthlamus hypothalamus and thalamus ) forms the central core of the brain.

It sits just superior to the brain stem

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20
Q

The central sulcus is responsible for separating which lobes

A

The frontal and parietal lobes

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21
Q

Which lobes does the lateral sulus separate

A

The lateral sulus separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal

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22
Q

If the lateral sulus is pulled apart at lines called the opercula what will be revealed

A

A small part of the cerebral cortex called the insula

This is sometimes regarded as the 5th lobe.

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23
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex located

A

It is in the frontal lobe

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24
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

It is reponsible for problem solving,complex planning and desiccant making.

This area is responsible for a persons personality - it regulates a persons depth of feeling and interpretation

It also coordinates information form all cortical association areas

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25
What is the Phineas Gage case?
A rod went through his left frontal lobe causing significant damage to his personality
26
What is the function of the motor cortex in the frontal lobe?
Planning, control and execution of voluntary movement
27
The premotor cortex( otherwise known as the somatic motor assoaction area) is located in the motor cortex of the frontal lobe. What is its function?
This mainly coordinates learned movements
28
Which cortex is located in the pre central gyrus?
The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus and this is a key area for control of voluntary motor functions and movements.
29
Discuss how a contraction is generated from the primary motor cortex
When a certain motor neuron is stimulated in the primary motor cortex, a contraction is generated in a specific skeletal muscle and this produces isolated movement on the opposite side of the body as well as a contraction of muscles groups associated with the action.
30
Where is Broca’s area and what does it do
Broca’s area is found in the frontal lobe usually in the left hemisphere. It’s function is in the production of speech, this areas also regulates breathing patterns while speaking and vocalisations required from normal speech
31
What is brocas asphasia?
In Broca’s asphasia the patient comprehends sufficiently however cannot form the words and if they attempt to speak it comes out jumbled and unintelligible. Speech production and writing are usually both affected which is very frustrating for the patient.
32
What is the main function of the parietal lobe
Processing of sensory information
33
How is the paretial lobe divided from the Occipital lobe?
It’s divsion form the occipital lobe on medial side by pariocciptial sulcus
34
Where is the primary sensory cortex located and what is its function
The primary sensory cortex is located in the post central gyrus in the parietal lobe. It is responsible for tactile sensation ( pain,temp,pressure, touch)
35
Discuss how the primary sensory cortex relays information
It receives the somatic sensory from receptors across the body, which are relayed via the nucleus of the thalamus
36
What is Sensory homoculus?
Specific area of the body are mapped to specific areas of the cortex and this is often represented by an image called the sensory homunculus
37
The somatic association area located in the parietal lobe is responsible for what?
Integration of sensory information, spatial perception( Visuspaital perception), spatial attention and cognitive functions
38
A pound coin is placed into a patients hand and they are able to identify what it is with their eyes closed. What part of the brain is responsible for this visuospatial perception
The somatic sensory association area in the parietal lobe, it not only receives information concerning size and shape of object but also relates to past sensory experiences and from this the object can be interpreted and recognised
39
Large lesions or atrophy of the parietal lobe such as in Alzheimer’s/stroke will result in what symptoms?
The may struggle with navigation and visuospatial tasks are disrupted. As well as this a stroke on one side causes the patient to neglect there works on the opposite side - e.g stroke on right patient contra lateral side compromised
40
What is somatotopic localisation
Specific ares of the Body directly correspond to a specific point in brain, both the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are divided and mapped to specific areas of the body
41
Why is the figure in somatotopic localisation so distorted
The reason the figure is distorted is that the area allocated to specific part of the body represents the complexity of motor and sensory reception
42
Why is there a 2nd head on the somatosensory cortex of somatotopic localisation?
Sensory perception of the head and the neck is located separately from and occupies a much smaller area than the extensive perception of face and sensory organ.
43
What is the clinical relevance of the mapping of the brain?
Clinically the fact that the regions of the body map to regions of the brain means that is there is a lesion in that part of the brain, then the paralysis of some but not other parts of the body might give a due as to the location of the Lesion
44
What is the occipital lobe mainly responsible for?
It is the visual processing centre of the brain
45
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe, how is the visual stimuli processed
The visual cortex receives visual information relayed via the thalamus and it allows for consious perception of visual stimuli
46
Where is the primary visual cortex located
In the occipital lobe located around the calcarine sulcus
47
What is the secondary visual area
This is also located in the occipital lobe, and it surrounds the primary visual cortex - its function is too interpret and relate the visual info received by the primary visual area to past visual experiences thus enabling the invidual to recognise and appreciate what the are seeing.
48
What is the main function of the temporal lobe?
Processes sensory information
49
How is the temporal lobe separated from the frontal and parietal lobe
By the lateral sulcus
50
Where is the auditory cortex located and what is it responsible for
It is located in the temporal lobe and it is responsible for hearing,speech and words and pitch, tone(music)
51
Where are long term memories and olfactory and hearing related memories stored
In the temporal lobe in the auditory cortex
52
Wernickes areas is located in the temporal lobe What is it responsible for
It permits understanding of written and spoken language; enables a person to read a sentence, understand it and say it out loud
53
Broca’s and wernickes area are connected by a bundle of nerve fibres, what is this nerve bundle called
Arcuate fasciculus
54
What happens to a person who has wernickes aphasia
A patient with this condition is able to speak words easily however they words are often meaningless word pieces or rhyming words with the wrong first letters. This is because the person does not know the meaning or the relationship of the words being used LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION IS AFFECTED.
55
Where is the insula found?
It is found deep to the lateral sulcus It is concealed by portions of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes(operculum)
56
What are some functions the insula is though to have?
Anteior is though to be involved in langue and it contains the gustatory cortex which processes information about taste Posteiror is thought to be involved in integrating information related to touch, vision and hearing
57
Is the corpus’s callosum made up of white or gray matter
It is formed by myelinated axons so white matter
58
What is are the two divisions of the lentiform nucleus
The putamen and the globus pallidus
59
What is the corna radiata?
Fibres passing from the cortex into the brain, they run through the region between the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus which is the posterior limb of the internal capsule
60
Why is the internal capsule of the brain a vulnerable site
This is because it contains fibres running from thalmus to cortex and cortex to thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord. It is a common site for stroke caused by either haemorrhage or blockage of local arterial supply due to an embolus
61
What is the blood supply of the internal capsule
Mainly comes from the Lenticulostriate arteries which are small arteries coming from middle meningeal artery. A stroke in the internal capsule has devastating affects on the body
62
Where are the basal nuclei ( ganglia) found
Located deep between the corona radiata and the brainstem
63
What is the function of the basal ganglia in the Brain
They are primarily involved in motor control. The basal nuclei project neurons to the thalmus which is involved in relation the information to the cerebral cortex They monitor the intensity of the movement from the cortex and ‘’filter out’’ inappropriate responses
64
Diseases which lead to damage of basal ganglia involve what
Loss of smooth movements or the inability to inhibit unesscessary antagonist movements. E.g. Parkinson’s which is a difficulty in initiating movement Huntingons ideas which leads to overactivation leads to excessive and jerky involuntary movements
65
What is the function of the hypothalamus
It is involved in maintaing homeostasis, it regulates physiological processes for survival such as consumption of fluid and food and temperature control, the sleep wake cycle and growth and reproduction. Does so by monitoring internal environment and controlling autonomic systems
66
How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?
Via the pituitary stalk The hypothalamus controls release of hormones from pituitary gland
67
Name three hormones realeased from the pituitary gland
Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone
68
How is acromegaly caused
Caused by over production of growth hormone from pituitary
69
How might a dentist recognise acromegaly
Increase in size of the jaw leading to spaces between the teeth or patients may complain that their dentures no longer fit
70
What are the functions of the ventricles of the brain
The ventricles are fluid filed cavities within the brain that provide protection to the brain
71
How are the 3rd and 4th ventricles connected
By the central aqueduct
72
What separates the lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
72
What separates the lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
73
What kind of cells is the CSF produced by and what is the function of the CSF
Choroidal epithelial cells of choroid plexus produce CSF and these are in each ventricle CSF role is protection by providing a cushion against trauma
74
Discuss CSF drainage
CSF drains from the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen into the third ventricle From the third into the 4th via the central aqueduct and then from the 4th into the subarachnoid space via the median aperture
75
What are the three main functions of the brainstem
It is a conduit for tracts ascending and descending through CNS It houses cranial nerves 3-12 It is the location for reflex centres related to respiration cardiovascular function and regulation of consciousness
76
What emerges at the cervical enlargement C4-T1
The is where the innveration of the upper limb and this is where the brachial plexus emerge
77
The lumbosaccral enlargement from T11-S1 contributes to what
Contributes to lumbosacral plexus and innervates the lower extremities
78
In the spinal cord white matter surrounds grey and what shape does this make?
Makes a H shape compromising of the dorsal/posterior and ventral/anteior horns
79
What does the size of the anterior great matter at any level of the spinal cord represent
Reflects how much skeletal muscle is innervated at that level
80
Where do the rootlets emerge from on the spine and what do they from
They emerge from the anterior and posterior horns to form nerves on each side of the column and they converge to become roots
81
How are cervical spinal nerves numbered?
According to the vertebra below
82
Apart from the cervical spinal nerves how are the other nerves numbered
From T1 the spinal nerves are numbered according to the ones above
83
There is a space where CSF can safely be assessed in the spine via a thumb air puncture however what is a contraindication to this
Intracranial pressure must be checked prior to a lumbar puncture, if there is raised intracranial pressure, the loss of pressure due to. Removing CSF may cause herniation or coning, the cerebellum may be pushed into the foramen magnum and compress the brainstem which can lead to death
84
What is the ligament that the pain mater forms to anchor the spinal cord with subarachnoid space and provide horizontal support
Denticulate ligament
85
What is a myotome
The unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve Anatomically and functionally related groups of skeletal muscle
86
What is a Dermatome
The unilateral area of skin supplied by a single (right or left member of a pair of) spinal nerves
87
Why does C1 not have have a dermatome
Because it lacks a significant afferent component and does not supply the skin; therefore no C1 dermatome exists. This is why the anterior face and scalp is innervated by CN V rather than the spinal nerves which is contrast to the posterior scalp which is suppled by C2 and C3
88
Discuss the distinction between afferent and and efferent signals
AFFERENT - sensory signals which go from the periphery to the CNS - synapse in the thalmus and spinal ganglia EFFERENT - go from CNS to the PNS and cause voluntary or involuntary movement - corticopsinal tract, pathway from the cortex through the internal capsule and the medulla to the lower motor neurons.

Anatomy BDS3 (19 decks)

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