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General Veterinary Pharmacology > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Drug affecting the ____________ either stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic of sympathetic components

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

Parasympathetic is equal to?

A

Cholinergic

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3
Q

Sympathetic is equal to?

A

Adrenergic

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4
Q

The predominance of one division over the other

A

state of tomus

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5
Q

maintains systemic blood pressure

A

sympathetic tone

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6
Q

maintains gut motility

A

parasympathetic tone

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7
Q

the major neurotransmitter at the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division

A

norepinephrine

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8
Q

postganglionic fibers are called?

A

adrenergic fibers

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9
Q

norepinephrine is also called?

A

noradrenaline

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10
Q

_____________ is the transmitter released at the peripheral motor portions of the autonomic nervous system and the fibers are called ___________.

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

cholinergic fibers

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11
Q

is not used in clinical therapeutics

A

Ach

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12
Q

Reasons in which Ach is not used in clinical therapeutics.

A
  1. administration, causes too generalized but transient effect
  2. so readily hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase, cannot be detected in the plasma following absorption
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13
Q

include effects of acetylcholine on glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles

A

muscaranic effects

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14
Q

include the action of acetylcholine of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and the neuroeffector junctions

A

nicotinic effects

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15
Q

increased skeletal muscle concentration

A

neuroeffector junctions

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16
Q

a poisonous substance in certain species of mushrooms

A

muscarine

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17
Q

a substance derived from tobacco

A

nicotine

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18
Q

cholinergic drugs are also called?

A

parasympathomimetic or cholinomimetics

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19
Q

Directly acting cholinergics

A

✓ methacholine
✓ carbachol
✓ betanechol
✓ muscarine
✓ pilocarpine
✓ arecoline

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20
Q

indirect acting cholinergics (cholinesterase inhibitors)

A

✓ physostigmine
✓ neostigmine
✓ endrophonium
✓ pyridostigmine
✓ organophosphates
✓ carbamates like carbaryl and propoxour

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21
Q

Anticholinergics are also called?

A

parasympatholytics

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22
Q

Examples of anticholinergics

A

✓ atropine
✓ scopolamine
✓ glycopyrrolate

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23
Q

present in postsynaptic fibers

A

a1

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24
Q

present in both pre and post synaptic fibers

A

a2

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25
chiefly in the heart
B1
26
in blood vessels, bronchi, etc.
B2
27
Classification of adrenergic receptors
✓ alpha adrenergic ✓ beta adrenergic ✓ dopaminergic
28
Blockage of cholinesterase action result in?
accumulation of Ach
29
Clinical Signs in Accumulation of Ach
1. Muscarinic Signs 2. Nicotinic Signs
30
Muscarinic Signs
✓ colic ✓ diarrhea ✓ dyspnea ✓ hypotension ✓ miosis ✓ excessive secretions
31
Nicotinic Signs
✓ muscle tremors than paralysis ✓ convulsions ✓ mania then coma
32
acting adrenergic (symphatomimetic) drugs include?
1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine 3. phenylephrine 4. isoproterenol
33
stimulates both alpha and beta receptors
epinephrine (adrenaline)
34
mainly an alpha stimulant
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
35
apha stimulant
phenylephrine
36
beta stimulant
isoproterenol
37
a2 stimulants
xylazine, medetomidine
38
B1 stimulant
Dopamine
39
Components of nasal decongestant or ophthalmic vasoconstrictors:
naphazolene, tetrahydrozoline, phenylpropanolamine
40
Mixed acting Adrenergic drugs include;
✓ amphetamine ✓ Methamphetamine ✓ Ephedrine ✓ Pseudoephedrine ✓ Hydroxyamphetamine
41
Clinical uses of sympathomimetic
1. adjunct to local anesthesia 2. hemostatic 3. mydriatic 4. anaphylactic reactions 5. bronchodilator 6. local skin allergy 7. decongestant 8. cardiac arrest 9. hypertensive condition
42
alpha adrenergic blockers;
1. ergot alkaloids 2. phenothiazine and butyrophenone tranquilizers 3. tolazolinr, atipamezole, and yohimbine 4. prazosin
43
are still best for shock
corticosteroids
44
it overcome the effect of excessive epinephrine by?
catecholamine secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
45
Clinical uses for beta adrenergic blockers include;
1. hypertension in humans 2. reversing digitals-induced arrhythmias 3. treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy 4. block the effect of excessive epinephrine in phaeochromocytoma
46
a rare disease on dogs and cats
obstructive cardiomyopathy
47
is the drug of choice to relieve symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to allergens
epinephrine
48
rapidly relieves itching and urticaria and may have save the life of the patient when laryngeal edema threatens suffocation
subcutaneous
49
is responsive to antihistamines
angioedema
50
necessary in the event of a severe reaction
epinephrine
51
secretes epinephrine in response to administration of nicotine
adrenal medulla
52
the ganglionic mediator of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
acetylcholine
53
as a modified sympathetic ganglion response to acetylcholine
adrenal medulla
54
inhibit postsynaptic membrane depolarization
✓ atropine ✓ tubocurarine ✓ succinylcholine
55
how many percent of the total serotonin in the mammalian body?
2%
56
total serotonin in the mammalian body is located with the CNS, especially in what location?
pineal gland and hypothalamus
57
the enterochromaffin of the intestine contain about how many percent?
90%
58
endogenously produced amine chemically known?
5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
59
enterochromaffin cells resulted in the naming of the amine as?
serotonin and enteramine
60
catecholamines exert several metabolic effects, including?
hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia
61
caused by inhibition of glucose synthase, which uses GLUCOSE to make GLYCOGEN
hyperglycemia
62
which converts glycogen back to glucose
Glycogen Phosphorylase
63
beta receptor stimulation releases?
insulin
64
stimulation releases insulin
beta receptor
65
the predominant effect of catecholamines is to inhibit insulin release through?
alpha receptors
66
are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors
organophosphates (OP)
67
Some deadly gases of Ops
✓ Disoproylfluorophosphate (DFP) ✓ Triorthocresylphosphate (TOCP) ✓ sarin
68
most important antidote to the effects of OP
atropine
69
blocks the muscarinic but not the nicotic effects
atropine
70
clinically useful only during the early stages of poisoning
Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
71
should not be given to animals poisoned with OP
Phenothiazine tranquilizers and opiates
72
what animals are especially resistant to the effects to atropine necause of the presence of a high concentration of atropinase.
goats and rabbits
73
most animals metabolize?
atropine
74
an animals that are also quite resistant to orally administered atropine, but may be responsive to parenteral administration
Horses and Cattle
75
Are animals that are sensitive to either oral or parenteral atropine
pigs, dogs and cats
76
drug of choice for leptospirosis
Doxycycline
77
most common anesthetic
xylazine
78
local anesthetic
xylazine and lidocaine
79
medical term of intense itching
pruritus
80
- test tube like with different cap color - blood extract
vaccutainer
81
Brand name of antihistamine
cetirizine
82
used before zolitel
tetamine

General Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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