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General Veterinary Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

is the science which deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.

A

pharmacology

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2
Q

the art and science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing of drugs.

A

pharmacy

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3
Q

the study of the source of drugs

A

pharmacognosy

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4
Q

the study of drug dosages

A

posology

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5
Q

the study of weights and measures of drugs

A

metrology

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6
Q

study of how drugs produce effects on living organisms. Studies the mechanism and site of action of drugs.

A

pharmacodynamics

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7
Q

the study of the processes and factors which determines the amount of drugs at the sites of action at various times between the application or administration of drugs in the body and their elimination from the body.

A

pharmacokinetics

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8
Q

is the mechanism by which a drug produces an effect. it refers to where and how the effect is produced.

A

drug action

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9
Q

when drugs bind to molecules in some sites in the body and do not produce any perceptible effect

A

non-specific drug action

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10
Q

when the interaction of drugs with receptor molecules produce perceptible changes in the function of an organism.

A

specific drug action

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11
Q

is the change the drug produces in an individual that can be perceived and measured.

A

drug effect

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12
Q

drug induced change in an organism but a non drug substance like food can induce physiological and pharmacologic effects

A

pharmacological effect

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13
Q

stimulation of smooth muscles of the viscera, increased secretion of smooth muscles.

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

are not drugs, but when administered in excess may produce exaggerated effects.

A

food and hormones

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15
Q

other example of pharmacological effects

A
  1. ingestion of too much water which leads to cell swelling
  2. overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia
  3. Ingestion of oranges makes the animal more resistant to diseases
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16
Q

effects that maintains normal body functions

A

physiological effect

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17
Q

example of physiological effect

A

injection insulin reduces the blood glucose to normal concentrations in a diabetic patient

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18
Q

are mutually dependent, that is, one cannot be demonstrated in the absence of the other.

A

drug action and drug effects

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19
Q

study of the application of drugs for use in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.

A

pharmacotherapeutics

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20
Q

study of harmful effects of drugs

A

toxicology

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21
Q

emphasis on the chemical properties of poisons

A

chemical

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22
Q

emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, anf treatment of poisonings with chemical substances including medicine

A

clinical

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23
Q

identification of substances in suspected cases of poisoning with the aim of solving a chemical problem

A

forensic

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24
Q

emphasis on promulgation of laws on safety of chemical substances in the environment or food for human, animal and plant population

A

legal

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25
Categories of Pharmacology
molecular pharmacology clinical pharmacology veterinary pharmacology
26
study of basic mechanism of drug action on biological systems
molecular pharmacology
27
concerned with the rational development, effective use, and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases.
clinical pharmacology
28
concerned with drugs as they used in the diagnosis, treatment of animal diseases, and in the intentional alteration of animal physiology
veterinary pharmacology
29
2 requirements for drug activity
affinity efficacy
30
tendency of a drug to combine with its specific receptor
affinity
31
inherent capacity of a drug to produce a response by itself
efficacy
32
a drug with affinity but without Intrinsic activity may produce a?
physiological change
33
is a drug that does not have intrinsic activity but binds with specific receptors
antagonist
34
is any drug or substance with specific affinity to a receptor.
ligand
35
are molecules to which a drug has specific affinity
receptors
36
in 1960 was discovered for parasite therapy.
benzimadazoles
37
the first discovered for parasite therapy was?
thiabendazolel
38
products that have been authorized by Agricultural and health ministers
veterinary medicines
39
produces in 1932 effective against bacterial diseases which led to the significant improvement in animal welfare.
sulphonamides
40
a drug having both agonistic and antagonistic properties
dualist
41
cannot produce an effect except in the presence of an agonist.
competitive antagonist
42
inhibits the action of an agonist by binding at a site other than the receptor.
non-competitive agonist
43
Features of the dose response curve
potency slope variability
44
a function of the drug's affinity for the receptor, absorption, excretion, degradation rates.
potency
45
indicates the range of dosage over which the drug acts, from minimally detectable to maximally effective.
slope
46
in the same patient can be due to circadian changes, age, state of health, drug-indeed
variability
47
when one of the two drug has zero intrinsic activity. the drug with zero intrinsic activity is considered a potentiator.
potentiation
48
effect of a drug combination is greater than the separate effects of the individual drugs.
synergism
49
the combined effect of the drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effect
addictive effect
50
results from coulombic forces between oppositely charged ions
ionic bond
51
two atoms share a pair of electrons. it has high binding energy. it can be broken at very high temperature or intervention of catalytic enzymes
covalent bond
52
arises from the ability of a proton (H) to accept an electron pair. it is stronger than a covalent bond.
hydrogen bond
53
from very weak bond between dipoles or induced dipoles, often between similar atoms.
intermolecular forces
54
injection of the drug into rumen
enteral
55
the enteral route includes the oral route and rectal route
(by mouth, per os, per orem, p.o)
56
in the oral administration of drugs, absorption occurs mostly in the ___________ but in some cases may also occur in the _____________, _____________, and ____________.
duodenum mouth, stomach, and colon
57
is the study of the rate of change from the initial state to the final state of a substance
kinetics
58
a constant percentage of the drug remaining in the site of administration is absorbed
first order kinetics
59
the actual amount of drug absorbed per unit time is the same regardless of how much of the drug remains in the site.
zero order kinetics
60
the time it takes for a drug concentration to be reduced to 50% its initial concentration
half-life
61
the total quantity of drug absorbed intact
bioavailability
62
when injected into the circulation stays confined to the cardiovascular system. its volume of distribution therefore is equal to the plasma volume
Evan's blue or I-albumin
63
freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells
inulin or EDTA
64
readily crosses all epithelial barriers. it is used to measure total body fluid volume
Isotopic Water or antipyrine
65
are extracellular fluids but enclosed within epithelial tissues
transcellular fluid volume
66
removal of drug and drug metabolities from the body
excretion
67
inactivation of most drugs
biotransformation
68
terminated drug activity by removing the drug from its site of action into other sites within body.
redistribution of sequestration
69
refers to the biochemical processes affecting the pharmacological activity of drug and other substance.
biotransformation
70
reduction of drug activity
detoxification
71
normal anabolic and metabolic reactions ex. hormones
metabolism
72
is the most important site of drug biotransformation in the body
liver
73
are generally less active than the parent compound if not totally inactive
metabolities
74
the process of transforming and inactive or less active compound to a more active metabolite but the resulting does not always cause death.
lethal synthesis
75
microsomal enzymes also known a ____________ are a complex of proteins and heme which are located in the SER
cytochrome P-40 or mixed function oxidases
76
involves synthetic reactions conjugating the products of phase I reaction with metabolites normally present in the body such as glucoronide, sulfate, acetate and ornithine

General Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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