Autonomic Pharmacology

Question 1

What part of the spinal cord does the sympathetic nervous system arise from

Answer 1

Thoracolumbar segment

Question 2

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system arise from on the spinal cord

Answer 2

Cranio scarial segment

Question 3

What does the SNS do at the liver

Answer 3

Increase conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 4

What does the SNS do at the kidney

Answer 4

Decreased urine secretion

Question 5

What does the PNS do at the kidney

Answer 5

Increased urine secretion

Question 6

What does the SNS do to the adrenal medulla

Answer 6

Increase adrenaline and noradrenaline (catecholamines) secretion

Question 7

Does the PNS have an effect on the adrenal medulla

Answer 7

No because adrenal medulla releases adrenaline or noradrenaline so it is classed into the SNS

Question 8

What effect does the SNS have on the lung

Answer 8

Bronchial is relaxed

Question 9

What does the parasympathetic NS secrete as neurotransmitters

Answer 9

Acetylcholine

Question 10

What does the SNS neurone release as neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Ach and catecholamines

Question 11

What is the length of the pre-ganglionic neurone of the SNS and PNS

Answer 11

PNS= longer
SNS= shorter

Question 12

What receptors does acetycholine of both SNS and PNS work on the pre-ganglionic neurone

Answer 12

Nicotinic receptors

Question 13

What receptor does the acetycholine act on the effector in the PNS

Answer 13

Muscarinic receptors

Question 14

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors

Answer 14

GCPRs

Question 15

What type of receptors does catecholamines act on the effector organ in the SNS

Answer 15

Alpha or beta adrenoceptors

Question 16

What receptor does adrenaline act on

Answer 16

Beta adrenoceptor

Question 17

What type of receptor does noradrenaline act on

Answer 17

Alpha adrenoceptor

Question 18

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and what type of hormone do they release

Answer 18

Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoid
Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoid
Zona reticularis: adrenal androgens

Question 19

How is acetylcholine released

Answer 19

• AP occurs at the pre-ganglionic neurone
• voltage- gated calcium channels open
• exocytosis occurs
• acetycholine binds to nachrs
• acetycholine is brocken down by acetycholinesterase
• choline is transported back into the pre-synaptic neurone
• choline is converted to acetycholine and stored back into vesicles

Question 20

How many units does nicotinic receptors have

Answer 20

5 subunits

Question 21

What type of receptor is nicotinic achrs

Answer 21

Ligand- gated ion channels

Question 22

What are the subunit types of the alpha receptor

Answer 22

• alpha
• gamma
• beta

Question 23

How are nicotinic receptors different with their location

Answer 23

According to the location nicotinic receptors vary in their alpha subunit

Question 24

Name a drug that will target the nicotinic receptors in the ganglia but not the nicotinic receptors at the NMJ

Answer 24

Hexamethonium

Question 25

What type of antagonist is hexamethonium

Answer 25

Non-competitive

Question 26

What autonomic division does hexamethonium block

Answer 26

All of the autonomic system

Question 27

Where are muscarinic receptors found

Answer 27

On effectors (smooth, cardiac, secretory glands) of the PNS

Question 28

How many transmembrane segments does muscarinic receptors have

Answer 28

7

Question 29

How many subtypes does muscarinic receptors have

Answer 29

5

Question 30

What type of receptor is muscarinic receptors

Answer 30

GCPRs

Question 31

Name a muscarinic receptor antagonist

Answer 31

Atropine

Question 32

What type of antagonist is atropine

Answer 32

Competitive

Question 33

Name an agonist of muscarinic receptors

Answer 33

Ach and muscarine (from mushrooms)

Question 34

What are parasympathomimetics

Answer 34

Drugs that mimic the effects of PNS activation

Question 35

What are the effects of parasympathomimetics

Answer 35

- cardiovascular: decreased heart rate - smooth muscle: contracts - exocrine glands: increase in sweating, salivation and bronchial secretion

Question 36

Why is bronchial secretion bad for the body

Answer 36

It narrows the airways and leads to respiratory failure

Question 37

What is the treatment of muscarine poisoning

Answer 37

Atropine (antagonist)

Question 38

What are the clinical agonist of muscarinic receptors

Answer 38

Pilocarpine

Question 39

What is pilocarpine used to treat

Answer 39

Glaucoma

Question 40

What is the route of administration of pilocarpine

Answer 40

Topical (eye drop) to the eye

Question 41

What subtype of muscarinic receptor does pilocarpine act on

Answer 41

M3 on ciliary muscles of the eye

Question 42

Where is M1 receptor located

Answer 42

Stomach and salivary glands

Question 43

Where is M2 receptor located

Answer 43

Cardiac muscle

Question 44

Where is M3 receptors located

Answer 44

Smooth muscle

Question 45

Is atropine a specific or less specific antagonist

Answer 45

Less specific

Question 46

What are the clinical uses of muscarinic antagonist

Answer 46

``` Asthma Treat bradycardia During operations to decrease secretions Dilate pupils Urinary incontinence Motion sickness ```

Question 47

How many sub types does adrenoceptors have

Answer 47

5 subtypes

Question 48

What are the 5 subtypes of the adrenoceptors

Answer 48

Alpha : 1 and 2 | Beta : 1, 2,3

Question 49

Where is alpha 1 adrenoceptors located

Answer 49

Smooth muscle | Blood vessels

Question 50

Where are alpha 2 adrenoceptors located

Answer 50

Nerve terminals

Question 51

Where are beta 1 adrenoceptors located

Answer 51

Heart (you have one heart and beta one)

Question 52

Where are beta 2 adrenoceptors located

Answer 52

Lungs ( 2 lungs for beta 2)

Question 53

Where are beta 3 adrenoceptors located

Answer 53

Fat and bladder

Question 54

What are the clinical uses of alpha adrenoceptors agonist

Answer 54

- alpha 1: vasoconstriction on blood vessel with local anaesthetics - alpha 1: nasal decongestant - alpha 2: hypertension - alpha 2: fascial erythema in rosacea

Question 55

Name an agonist that is used with local anaesthetics for vasoconstriction of blood vessel

Answer 55

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 56

Name an agonist that is used for nasal decongestants

Answer 56

Phenylephrine

Question 57

Name an agonist used for fascial erythema in rosacea

Answer 57

Brimonidine

Question 58

What type of receptors is alpha 1 adrenoceptor

Answer 58

GCPRs

Question 59

Why is the g-protein of alpha 1 adrenoceptors

Answer 59

Gq

Question 60

What does Gq protein do when activated by an agonist binding to alpha 1 adrenoceptors

Answer 60

Activates phospholipase c Phospholipase C hydrolysis PIP2 into DAG and IP3 IP3 regulates calcium

Question 61

What is the G protein of alpha 2 adrenoceptors

Answer 61

Gi

Question 62

What does Gi protein do

Answer 62

Inhibit adenyly cyclase so there is reduced levels of CAMP

Question 63

What G-protein does all of beta adrenoceptors have

Answer 63

Gs

Question 64

What does Gs protein do

Answer 64

Stimulate adenyl cyclase which increases CAMP

Question 65

What g-protein does muscarinc 1 and 3 receptor have

Answer 65

Gq

Question 66

What type of g-protein does muscarinic 2 receptors have

Answer 66

Gi

Question 67

What are the uses of alpha antagonist

Answer 67

- hypertension | - benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 68

Alpha adrenoceptor antagonist used to treat hypertension

Answer 68

Doxazosin

Question 69

Alpha adrenoceptor antagonist used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 69

Tamsulosin

Question 70

What are the uses of beats adrenoceptor agonist

Answer 70

- cardiogenic shock - anaphylactic shock - asthma

Question 71

Name an agonist used for cardiogenic shock

Answer 71

Adrenaline, dolbutamine

Question 72

Agonist used for anaphylactic shock

Answer 72

Adrenaline

Question 73

Agonist used to treat asthma

Answer 73

Solbutamol

Question 74

What are the main uses of beta adrenoceptor antagonist

Answer 74

- angina - cardiac arrhythmia - hypertension - heart failure

Question 75

How is noradrenaline synthesis, release and recycling inhibited

Answer 75

- inhibiting uptake 1 by noradrenaline transporter which brings NAd back into the varicosity - inhibit monoamine oxidase which breaks down noradrenaline or dopamine - indirectly acting sympathetic amines: structurally related to NAd which are substrates of noradrenaline transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter and displace NAd

Question 76

Name a drug that inhibit noradrenaline transporter

Answer 76

Cocaine

Question 77

Name an indirectly acting sympathetic amine

Answer 77

Amfetamine | Ephedrine