AV

Question 1

M mode fluttering AV

Answer 1

• Coarse fluttering due to dynamic obstruction with HCM.
• Complete early opening but with mid systolic partial closure/fluttering.

Question 2

Normal AVA
normal peak AV velocities

Answer 2

3-4 cm²
0.5-1.5 m/s
(up to 2.5 m/s may be related to aortic sclerosis.)

Question 3

Mild aortic stenosis,
Peak, trans aortic velocities.
Aortic valve area.

Answer 3

2.6–2.8 m/s.
AB a 1.5–3.0 cm² 

Question 4

Moderate aortic valve stenosis
(AVA & velocity)

Answer 4

ASA 1.0–1.5 cm²
Peak aortic velocity 2.9–4 m/s

Question 5

Severe aortic stenosis
(AVA and velocity)

Answer 5

AVA less than 1.0 cm²
Trans aortic velocity >4 m/s.

Question 6

Dimensionless index
– when
– what is it?
- what is severe? 

Answer 6

Does not use LVOT diameter to calculate AVA
Ratio of either:
-LVOT velocity/AV velocity
(peak or mean)
or
-LVOTVTI/aortic valve VTI
<0.25 = severe stenosis

Question 7

Bicuspid valve

Answer 7

1–2% of the population
+ familial clustering >30%
Consider also aortic, coarctation, aortic dilation

Question 8

Bicuspid valve maintenance

Answer 8

Yearly echo, when the aortic root is> 4 cm
Surgery when aorta >5.5 cm
Aortic size >5 cm with additional risk factors
Aortic size >4.5 cm with aortic valve surgery also needed.

Question 9

Aortic valve stenosis, grading
Vmax
Mean PG
AVA
AVA index.
DI

Answer 9

Question 10

Dimensionless index.
Which valve?
What are the ranges for mild, moderate, severe

Answer 10

Mild >0.5
Moderate 0.25–0.5
Severe <0.25

Question 11

Aortic stenosis, Vmax

Answer 11

m/sec
Mild 2.6–2.9
Moderate 3–4
Severe >4

Question 12

Best views for peak aortic jet flow… Three

Answer 12

Suprasternal notch.
Right parasternal window.
Apical 4chamber