Normals

Question 1

RV hypertrophy

Answer 1

When RV free wall >5 mm
When RV wall as thick as LV wall 

Question 2

Mitral valve annular motion

Answer 2

< 8 mm equals EF <50%
A.k.a. decreased apical motion of the annulus means lower EF 

Question 3

LV dP/dT

Answer 3

• Normal >1000 mmHg/sec, useful with significant MR
  – it is the change in pressure from 1 m/s to 3 m/s divided by the time needed for that change
  dP=4(3)²-4(1) ²/length of time

Question 4

dP/dT– what is it?

Answer 4

A.k.a. rate of rise of ventricular pressure.
Load independent measurement of ventricular function.

Question 5

Normal stroke volume

Answer 5

80 mL

Question 6

Normal cardiac output

Answer 6

About 6 L per minute

Question 7

Normal stroke, volume index

Answer 7

> 35 mL per meter squared
Normalized to BSA

Question 8

Normal LA volumes

Answer 8

Women
22–52 mL
Men
18–52 mL
Women and men with same LA volume index
16–34 mL/m²

Question 9

TAPSE

Answer 9

> = 1.7 cm
Measured with M mode.
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.

Question 10

Normal mitral valve E deceleration time

Answer 10

Normal 150–200 ms
Mild DD > 200 ms
Moderate DD 150–200 ms
Severe DD <150 ms

Question 11

Normal septal wall thickness.
(same as…)

Answer 11

Women 0.6–0.9 cm
Men 0.6–1.0 cm

• Same as posterior wall thickness

Question 12

Definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Answer 12

Mean PAP >25 mmHg at rest
and wedge <15 mmHg

Question 13

Left ventricular volumes

Answer 13

*Indexed to BSA
W/M same
~75 mL/meter ² = mild LV dilatation
>100 mL/m ² = severe LV dilatation

Question 14

ERO MVR severity

Answer 14

<0.2 mild
0.2–0.29 moderate
0.3–0.39 moderate-severe.
>= 0.4 severe 

Question 15

LV Inflow E/A

Answer 15

E/A >= 0.8

Question 16

Tissue Doppler E’/A’

Answer 16

> 1.0 is normal.
Lower than that is impaired.

Question 17

True or false?
LV inflow is pre-load dependent.

Answer 17

Yes, it is!
Valsalva can unmask impaired relaxation