Axial Skeleton Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
the vertebral column is part of the — skeleton
A
axial
2
Q
what is included in the axial skeleton? (5)
A
cranium mandible spine ribs sternum
3
Q
what are the two principle roles of the vertebral column?
A
to protect the spinal cord and to transfer loads from the head, trunk, and upper limb to the pelvis
4
Q
human spine vs gorilla spine
A
humans have a signature s curve which allows for us to be officially bipedal, therefore our bodies were meant for walking
gorillas have just one curve (c shaped)
5
Q
function if the intervertebral disc
A
to cushion between the vertebrae
6
Q
primary curvature
A
the thoracic and sacral convex curvatures
7
Q
secondary curvature
A
the cervical and lumbar concave curvatures
8
Q
what is the indent in the middle of the back
A
median longitudinal furrow
9
Q
what is c& spinous process
A
the part that protrudes at the base of the neck
10
Q
where is the cervicothoracic junction?
A
C7
11
Q
where is the scapular spine?
A
T3
12
Q
where is the inferior scapular angle?
A
T7
13
Q
where is the 12th rib?
A
T12
floating rib
14
Q
where is the iliac crest?
A
L4
15
Q
where is the greatest range of flexion?
A
the lumbar region
16
Q
where does rotation of the trunk occur primarily?
A
the thoracic region
17
Q
what are movements of the vertebral column are generally dictated by? (2)
A
shape and position of the superior and inferior articular facets
18
Q
does the vertebral canal have more flexion or extension motion?
A
flexion
19
Q
lateral flexion
A
moving the body laterally to the right or left
20
Q
which region of the spine is the most mobile?
A
the cervical spine, need good range of motion to move our head
21
Q
C1
A
atlas
22
Q
C2
A
axis
23
Q
total across craniocervical region flexion extension axial rotation lateral flexion
A
flexion: 45-50
extension: 85
axial rotation: 90
lateral flexion: 40
24
Q
flexion of the cervical spine is impeded by
A
the vertebral column
25
what is the capsule of apophyseal joint responsible for?
rocking and rolling of the head on the neck
26
rotational vertebral artery occlusion
the course of the vertebral aa through the transverse formamina of C2 (axis) and C1 (atlas) as they become the basilar a make them vulnerable to impingement
27
in certain cases, when the neck is rotated, rotational vertebral artery occlusion can occur through (3)
- osteoarthritis/bone spurs
- rapid and/or forceful twisting of the head and neck
- atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis of the vertebral aa
28
occlusion of the arteries can lead to (3)
- vertigo/dizziness
- syncope (fainting)
- visual disturbance
29
flexion and extension in the thoracic region is relatively limited due to (4)
- presence of ribs-shape and orientation of articular and spinous processes
- ligaments
- relative thinness and intervertebral discs
30
exception to the flexion and extension of the thoracic region is
T12, which resembles a lumbar vertebra (transitional)
31
flexion and extension of the lumbar region is
relatively free
32
flexion and extension of the lumbar region is least at --- and greatest at ---
least: thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1)
greatest: lumbosacral junction (L5-S1)
33
lateral flexion/bending in the thoracic region is somewhat limited by (2)
articular processes
| ligaments
34
lateral flexion/bending is somewhat --- in the lumbar region
minimal
35
axial rotation of the trunk is an important aspect of human --- ---
bipedal locomotion
36
orientation of articular processes in the thoracic region promotes
rotation
37
the attachment of ribs to the thoracic spine somewhat limits the range of rotation that would be possible given the shape of the
articular processes
38
by comparison, trunk rotation in the lumbar region is relatively ---, due to the shape and orientation of the lumbar articular processes and facets (range of potential rotation increases slightly when this region is flexed)
limited
39
during thoracic rotation, the ribs deform slightly to acomodate rotational motion, how is this possible?
because of the relative elasticity of the ribs and the costal cartilages
40
during thoracic rotation, associated movement of the ribs subjects the sternum to
shearing forces
41
the vertebral body is the --- bearing portion
weight
42
C1 does not have a
vertebral body, looks like a ring
| no spinous process
43
cervical spinous processes as
bifrid
44
what are cervical ribs (supernumerary ribs)?
an extra rib (or pair of rubs) arising from the 7th cervical vertebra
45
cervical ribs can result in
thoracic outlet syndrome (but not always)
46
thoracic outlet syndrome can
impede blood flow by compressing blood vessels
47
what are the three common variants of cervical ribs and how do they differ?
rudimentary: small, not attached, no cartilaginous portion
fused with first thoracic rib: large, attached to 1st rib
fully developed: a fully developed, separate rib
48
what do thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
ribs
49
which vertebrae are under the greatest amount of strain?
lumbar vertebrae
| they transmit weight to the pelvis
50
the sacrum is composed of
5 fused vertebrae
51
the sacrum provides strength and stability to the
pelvis
52
the sacrum houses and anchors the --- --- of the spinal cord
inferior part
53
attached to the inferior end of the sacrum are 3-4 small, fused vertebrae called the
coccyx (tail bone)
54
facet
articular surface
55
what are the 3 parts to the thoracolumbar fascia?
posterior layer
middle layer
anterior layer
56
middle layer surrounds and separates
the erector spinae muscles
57
the anterior layer surrounds the
quadratus lumborum
58
what does the stability of the articulated vertebral column depend on? (3)
the articular discs between the vertebral bodies
surrounding ligaments
surrounding musculature
59
annulus fibrosus
fibrous, tough outer layers
| joint connection between vertebral bodies
60
nucleus pulposus
jelly/spongy
61
what is the nucleus pulposus remnants of?
the notochord
62
the intervertebral joints are joints between the
vertebral bodies
63
the intervertebral joints are primarily maintained by 3 ligamentous structures
1. annulus fibrosis
2. anterior longitudinal ligament
3. posterior longitudinal ligament
64
what is the annulus fibrosus?
fibrous outer layer of discs
65
where are the intervertebral discs the thickest?
the lumbar region, where they bear the most weight
66
nuchal ligament
expansion of supraspinous ligament outward
67
kyphosis (hyperkyphosis)
abnormal or exaggerated thoracic curvature (convexity)
68
what can kyphosis result from?
developmental abnormalities, trauma, or degenerative disease
69
lordosis (hyperlordosis)
abnormal or exaggerated lumbar curvature )concavity)
70
lordosis is associated with
congenital abnormalities, muscloskeletal problems. degenerative disease
71
lordosis can develop during
pregnancy to acomodate carrying a baby
72
where is the most common region and cause of back pain?
lordosis
73
scoliosis
abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
74
scoliosis can be
congenital, neuromuscular or idiopathic in origin
75
herniated intervertebral discs tend to occur in the lumbar region and the herniation typically occurs in the
posterolateral direction
76
why does herniation typically occur in the posterolateral direction? (2)
the posterior longitudinal ligament is not very broad, and the herniated material of the disc will take the path of least resistance
77
thoracic region disc herniation is usually a result of? (3)
- wear and tear, disc degeneration
- sudden and forceful twisting of the midback region
- other conditions that predispose individual, such as an abnormal kyphosis
78
what is lumbar region disc herniation is usually a result of? (2)
- frequent bending, twisting, and improper lifting increases load on tendons that reinforce this region, as well as the intervertebral discs
- acute or sudden injury (a fall in which individual lands in a sitting position)
79
what is spondylolisthesis?
anterior/ventral displacement of one vertebra on adjacent
80
spondylolisthesis is a common progression from
spondylolysis, can also be congenital
