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Anatomy > Spinal Cord and Meninges > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

the central nervous system is comprised of the

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

the brain stem (medulla oblongata and pons) connects the

A

spinal cord to the brain

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3
Q

the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord are covered by layers of

A

meninges

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4
Q

meninges contain

A

csf

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5
Q

sensory/afferent structures (4)

A 
dorsal horn (gray matter)
dorsal root ganglion
ascending corticospinal pathways (white matter)
axons from body traveling to dorsal root and dorsal horn
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6
Q

gray matter

A

where you find cell bodies

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7
Q

white matter

A

myelinated portions of axons

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8
Q

motor/efferent structures (4)

A

ventral horn (gray matter)
lateral horn (autonomics)
descending corticospinal pathways (white matter)
axons from ventral and lateral horn traveling out to body

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9
Q

the spinal nerve is a mix of

A

sensory and motor

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10
Q

anatomical flow of spinal nerve information

A

information flows in through the dorsal ramus, to the spinal nerve, to the dorsal root ganglion, to the dorsal root, dorsal horn, lateral horn, ventral horn, ventral root, and out the ventral ramus

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11
Q

of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

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12
Q 
number of 
cervical nerves 
thoracic 
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
A 
8 (C1-C8)
12 (T1-T12)
5 (L1-L5)
5 (S1-S5)
1 (Co1)
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13
Q

nerve C8 passes through

A

the IV foramen between vertebra C7-T1

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14
Q

spinal cord stops at about

A

L2 in adults

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15
Q

meningeal (dural) layers
outermost
middle
innermost

A 
dura mater (closest to the bone)
arachnoid mater (spider web like)
pia mater (on the surface of the spinal cord)
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16
Q

arachnoid mater adheres to

A

the dura mater

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17
Q

pia mater is integral to the

A

spinal cord

if you peel this, you will begin peeling away the spinal cord

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18
Q

denticulate ligament keeps the

A

spinal cord in place so it doesnt move

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19
Q

where is CSF found?

A

in the subarachnoid space

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20
Q

subdural space

A

a potential space between the arachnoid and dura mater

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21
Q

epidural space

A

above the first layer of dura
where epidural is given
fat filled

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22
Q

of posterior and anterior spinal arteries

A

2, 1

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23
Q

denticulate ligaments are paired extensions of

A

pia mater that attach to the arachnoid and dura mater

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24
Q

denticulate ligaments anchor the spinal cord

A

laterally in the dural sac

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25
Q

denticulate ligaments run in between the

A

ventral and dorsal rootlets of the spinal cord as they leave the dural sac

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26
Q

contents of the epidural space (2)

A

extradural adipose tissue (fat)

internal vertebral venous plexus (Batson’s Plexus)

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27
Q

contents of the subdural space (2)

A

a potential space between the dura and arachnoid mater

may be opened as a result of trauma or disease (subdural hematoma)

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28
Q

contents of the subarachnoid space (3)

A

spinal veins and arteries
cerebrospinal fluid
arachnoid trabeculae

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29
Q

cervical enlargement vertebrae

A

C5-T1

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30
Q

cervical enlargement gives rise to the

A

cervical plexus and the brachial plexus (groupings of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves)

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31
Q

lumbar enlargement vertebrae

A

L1-S2

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32
Q

lumbar enlargement gives rise to the

A

lumbar plexus and the sacral plexus (groupings of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves)

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33
Q

conus medullaris

A

terminal end of spinal cord; usually at level L1-L2

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34
Q

filum terminale internum

A

pia mater extending from tip of conus medullaris to end of dural sac

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35
Q

filum terminale externum

A

all dural layers fused together; anchors dural sac in sacrum; extradural

36
Q

lunbar cistern

A

enlargement of subarachnoid space from L2-S2

37
Q

cauda equina

A

L2-S5 and Co spinal nerve roots that form a structure that looks like a horse tail in the lumbar cistern

38
Q

cauda equina is encompassed by the

A

dural sac

39
Q

why do we have the cauda equina?

A

for growth of the spinal cord

40
Q

spinal cord stops growing in length while the

A

vertebral column is still developing

41
Q

where is the conus medullaris located?

A

the terminal end of the spinal cord (L1-L2) however can be located anywhere in the T12-L3 range

42
Q

cauda equina forms as a result of

A

differential growth of spinal cord and vertebral column

43
Q

cauda equina syndrome

A

a relatively rare but serious disorder in which the spinal nerve roots that comprise the cauda equina become compressed and cause a characteristic pattern of neuromuscular and urogenital symptoms. onset tends to be gradual

44
Q

causes of cauda equina syndrome (6)

A
  • *anything that compresses the cauda equina
  • herniated intervertebral disk
  • stenosis (narrowing) of vertebral canal
  • fracture or other trauma
  • lesion
  • infection or hemorrhage in the lumbar cistern
  • developmental abnormality
45
Q

symptoms of cauda equina syndrome (6)

A
  • bowel and/or bladder dysfunction
  • sexual dysfunction
  • “saddle anesthesia” (involves sacral dermatomes)
  • pain or weakness in both lower limbs
  • loss of knee and ankle reflexes
  • lower back pain
46
Q

the spinal cord receives blood regionally from corresponding arteries in the

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of the vertebral canal

47
Q

subclavian aa gives rise to (3)

A

vertebral aa
ascending cervical aa
deep cervical aa

48
Q

descending aorta gives rise to (2)

A

posterior intercostal aa

lumbar aa

49
Q

internal iliac aa gives rise to (1)

A

lateral sacral aa

50
Q

these arteries contribute to arteries that run longitudinally from the brainstem to the conus medullaris (2)

A

anterior spinal artery

paired posterior spinal artery

51
Q

anterior spinal artery arises from

A

vertebral aa

52
Q

paired posterior spinal arteries arise from

A

vertebral artery or cerebellar artery

53
Q

anastomosis

A

arteries that come together to supply blood to something

54
Q

anastomosis is important for (2)

A

blood supply to asymmetrical arteries

if blood gets cut off on one side

55
Q

the segmental spinal arteries enter the intervertebral foramina and split into (2)

A

anterior and posterior radicular arteries

these follow and supply the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord

56
Q

the segmental spinal arteries also give off

A

segmental medullary arteries that anastomose directly with the anterior spinal artery

57
Q

the largest of the segmental medullary arteries is the

A

radicularis magna, or artery of ademkiewicz, which arises in the lower thoracic or upper lumbar region and supplies the lower spinal cord, including the lumbar enlargement

58
Q

the veins that drain the spinal cord form several longitudinal channels that drain into the

A

internal vertebral venous plexus that lies in the epidural (extradural) space of the vertebral canal

59
Q

posterior and anterior spinal veins flow to the

A

anterior and posterior medullary veins

60
Q

the anterior and posterior medullary veins flow to the

A

radicular veins

61
Q

from the radicular veins, the internal vertebral venous plexus then drains into

A

segmental veins that connect to other major systemic routes of venous drainage

62
Q

the internal vertebral venous plexus mainly drains the

A

vertebral bodies

63
Q

the internal vertebral venous plexus provides a

A

protective cushion for contents of the vertebral canal

64
Q

these veins do not have

A

valves

65
Q

the venous plexus is an alternative route of venous return in the following cases (4)

A
  • the jugular veins of the neck are compressed or occluded
  • blood flow through vena caval system is obstructed
  • intrathoracic pressure is increased
  • intraabdominal pressure is increased
66
Q

the internal vertebral venous plexus also communicated with (5)

A

-dural venous channels in cranium
-veins scalp and face
-veins of thoracoabdominal wall
pulmonary and caval system veins
-pelvic and sacral veins

67
Q

within the CNS, there are ascending and descending pathways in the brain and spinal cord that

A

bring information back to the CNS and control the activities of skeletal muscle

68
Q

ascending tracts are

A

sensory pathways that originate in the peripheral body and travel to the primary sensory cortex

69
Q

descending tracts are

A

motor pathways that originate in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and travel to muscle

70
Q

dorsal column pathway functions in

A

fine touch and proprioception

71
Q

proprioception

A

sensory innervation from muscle and joints which tell you where you are in space, balance, how to move
ex. putting your hand down on the table

72
Q

2 sensory neurons in the dorsal column pathway

A

first order neurons
second order neurons
third order neurons

73
Q

first order neurons

A

signals from upper and lower limn to medulla oblongata

74
Q

second order neurons

A

pick up signal from first order neuron and carry it from the fasciculus gracilus (or f. cuneatus) to the thalamus

75
Q

third order neurons

A

from the thalamus carry the signal from the second order neuron to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain

76
Q

2 tracts of the spinothalamic pathway

A

anterior (touch and pressure)

lateral (pain and temperature)

77
Q

3 sensory neurons of the spinothalamic pathway

A

first order neurons
second order neurons
third order neurons

78
Q

first order neurons

A

arise from peripheral sensory receptors in the body, enter spinal cord and synapse at the substantia gelatinosa

79
Q

second order neurons

A

carry sensory info to the thalamus
touch and pressure uses the anterior spinothalamic tract
pain and temperature uses lateral spinothalamic tract

80
Q

third order neurons

A

from the thalamus carry signal from second order neurons to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain

81
Q

in the CNS, there are at least 2 motor neurons in a

A

somatic motor pathway that involves voluntary movement

82
Q

upper motor neuron nucleus is in the

A

cerebral cortex/brainstem

83
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

85-90% to limbs

84
Q

anterior corticospinal tract

A

10-15% to trunk

85
Q

lower motor neuron nucleus is in the

A

anterior horn of the spinal cord or cranial nerve brainstem center

86
Q

axons from the lower motor neuron are what will project out to innervate

A

skeletal muscle

Anatomy (29 decks)

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