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Anatomy > Breast and Axillary > Flashcards

Breast and Axillary Flashcards

1
Q

The axilla is essentially the region that we

think of as the

A

deep compartment of the

armpit

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2
Q

It is a complex region located inferior to
the — joint (shoulder joint), at
the junction of the

A

glenohumeral

arm and the thorax

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3
Q

The axilla is an important passageway for

A

neurovascular structures to the upper

limb

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4
Q

It is a “— shaped” space that

invested in

A

pyramid

layers of fascia

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5
Q

Some of these fascial layers are also continuous with the (2)

A

thorax and upper limb

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6
Q

The fascia of the pectoral region consists of

A

superficial and deep layers that define borders,

invest muscles, and create potential spaces

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7
Q

Superficial fascia is (2)

A

Subcutaneous; fatty

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8
Q

Deep fascia (3)

A

•Compartmentalizing
•Surrounds muscles
•Attaches to bone in
most cases

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9
Q

superficial fascia contains (2)

A

skin

subcutaneous fatty tissue

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10
Q

Platysma muscle (2)

A

Muscle over lower mandible, neck and upper thoracic/shoulder region
a very superficial skeletal muscle that is mostly subcutaneous

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11
Q

Supraclavicular nerves

A

cutaneous branches from C3 & C4 cervical spinal nerves

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12
Q

Anterior & lateral branches of intercostal nerves

A

come up through deeper layers of fascia to subcutaneous layers

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13
Q

superficial fascia contains (4)

A
  • Skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue
  • Platysma muscle
  • Supraclavicular nerves
  • Anterior & lateral branches of intercostal nerves
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14
Q

pectoral fascia attaches to (2)

A

clavicle

sternum

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15
Q

pectoral fascia invests

A

pectorals major muscle

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16
Q

pectoral fascia is continuous with

A

fascia of anterior abdominal wall

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17
Q

pectoral fascia will become the

A

axillary fascia

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18
Q

axillary fascia forms the

A

floor of axilla

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19
Q

clavipectoral fascia is deep to

A

pectorals major muscle

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20
Q

clavipectoral fascia invests (2)

A

subclavius

pectoralis minor muscles

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21
Q

costocoracoid membrane connects

A

subclavius to pectoralis minor

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22
Q

clavicoectoral fascia attaches to

A

clavicle

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23
Q

clavicpectoral fascia becomes

A

suspensory ligament of axilla

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24
Q

deltoid fascia

A

surface of deltoid muscle

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25
Q

deltoid fascia attaches to (3)

A

clavicle
acromion
spine of scapula

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26
Q

deltoid fascia is continuous with

A

pectoralis fascia

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27
Q

deltoid fascia compartmentalizes

A

scapular muscles

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28
Q

clavipectoral triangle aka

A

deltopectoral triangle

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29
Q

clavipectoral triangle allows passage of

A

neuromuscular structures between axilla and pectoral region

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30
Q

borders of the calvicpectoral triangle (3)

A

deltoid
pectoralis major
middle 1/3 of clavicle

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31
Q

clavipectoral triangle contents (3)

A

cephalic vein
deltopectoral lymph nodes
deltoid branch of thoracoacromial a (axillary a)

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32
Q

boundaries and contents of the axilla (7)

A 
pyramid shaped space 
apex 
base
anterior wall
lateral wall
medial wall
posterior wall
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33
Q

apex (3)

A

clavicle
scapula
1st rib

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34
Q

the apex contains the

A

cervicoaxillary canal

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35
Q

this space is the passageway for

A

neuromuscular structures (axillary vessels and brachial plexus components) from the neck to the upper limb

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36
Q

base contains (4)

A

skin and superficial fascia
anterior axillary fold
posterior axillary fold
chest wall

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37
Q

skin and superficial fascia

A

axillary fossa; aka armpit

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38
Q

anterior axillary fold (1)

A

pectoralis major muscle

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39
Q

posterior axillary fold (2)

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

trees major muscle

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40
Q

chest wall (1)

A

serratus anterior muscle

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41
Q

anterior wall (4)

A

clavicle (superior)
subclavius muscle (superior)
pectoralis major muscle
pectorals minor muscle

42
Q

posterior wall (4)

A

scapula
subscapularis muscle
latissimus dorsi muscle
trees major muscle

43
Q

lateral wall (3)

A 
• intertubercular sulcus
(bicipital groove)
• tendon of long head
of biceps
• coracobrachialis tendon
44
Q

the axilla region transmits

A

neuromuscular structures to the upper limb

45
Q

within the axilla is a separate fascial compartment called the

A

axillary sheath

46
Q

the axillary sheath is an extension of the

A

prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia into the cervicoaxillary canal (apex) of the axilla

47
Q

the contents of the axillary sheath include (3)

A
  • Vascular: axillary artery & vein
  • Neurological: cords of the brachial plexus
  • Lymphatic: axillary lymph nodes
48
Q

contents of the axilla (2)

A

axillary artery

axillary vein

49
Q

The axillary artery is the continuation

of the

A

subclavian artery

50
Q

The axillary artery is the continuation
of the subclavian artery and it has
tributaries that provide blood to the
(4)

A

shoulder, thorax, and axillary region.
It continues into the arm as the
brachial artery

51
Q

The axillary vein is formed by the

coming together of the

A

brachial

vein(s) and the basilic vein

52
Q

It will eventually be joined by the

cephalic vein as it becomes the

A

subclavian vein

53
Q

The — — is a network of spinal
nerves C5-T1 that emerge from the neck and
travel into the axilla

A

brachial plexus

54
Q

The cords of the brachial plexus are within
the — — (with the axillary artery &
vein)

A

axillary sheath

55
Q

The brachial plexus provides innervation to

the (4)

A

shoulder, pectoral region, scapular

region and upper limb

56
Q

Within the fibrofatty connective tissue of the axilla, there are

A

numerous axillary lymph nodes

57
Q

The axillary lymph nodes can be grouped together based on their

A

location within the pyramidal cone of the axilla

58
Q

Pectoral (anterior) lymph nodes (2)

A
  • Medial wall of axilla

* Cluster around lateral thoracic vein

59
Q

Subscapular (posterior) lymph nodes (2)

A
  • Posterior axillary fold

* Cluster around subscaplular vessels

60
Q

Humeral (lateral) lymph nodes (2)

A
  • Lateral wall of axilla

* Near axillary vein

61
Q

Central (center/base) lymph nodes (2)

A
  • Base of axilla

* near axillary vein

62
Q

Apical (apex) lymph nodes (2)

A
  • Apex (cervicoaxillary canal)

* Near axillary vein

63
Q

In humans, the breasts are

A

bilateral glandular structures found in both males and females

64
Q

In females the breast is much more

developed and is capable of

A

producing nourishment for young

65
Q

The mammary glands are modified

A

sweat glands

66
Q

the breast is a cutaneous structure, which rests on

A

pectoral fascia

67
Q

— space is potential space

between breast and pectoral fascia

A

Retromammary

68
Q

Blood supply from tributaries of

2

A

subclavian and axillary arteries

69
Q

breast is innervated by

A

intercostal nerves (4th-6th)

70
Q

Attaches to dermis of overlying skin via

A

suspensory ligaments (aka Cooper’s Ligaments)

71
Q

— — — converge on the nipple

A

Mammary gland lobules

72
Q

Lactiferous ducts drain into — —

which open at nipple

A

lactiferous sinuses

73
Q

The nipple is surrounded by a — —

A

pigmented areola

74
Q

innervation of the breast mainly from the anterior and lateral branches of
the

A

4th – 6th intercostal nerves

75
Q

may also receive some innervation

A

from

supraclavicular nerve branches as well as branches of other intercostal nerves

76
Q

somatosensory to — and autonomic to (2)

A

skin

blood vessels and smooth muscle

77
Q

primary blood supply to the breast (2)

A

medial mammary branches

lateral mammary branches

78
Q

Medial Mammary Branches

A

From internal thoracic artery

from subclavian artery

79
Q

Lateral Mammary Branches

A

From lateral thoracic artery

from axillary artery

80
Q

Venous Drainage (primary) mainly to (2)

A

axillary vein via lateral thoracic veins and medial mammary veins via internal thoracic vein

81
Q

some drainage to internal thoracic vein (and then subclavian v.) via

A

anterior intercostal veins

82
Q

lymphatic drainage is especially important due to its role in

A

metastasis of cancer cells

83
Q

Nipple, Areola, Lactiferous Lobules

A

• subareolar lymph nodes

84
Q

> 75 % of lymph from breast

A

• axillary lymph nodes (pectoral, central,

apical)

85
Q

Remaining lymph

A

• Parasternal (internal mammary) and

abdominal lymph nodes

86
Q 
Accessory nipple (polythelia) and/or 
breast tissue (polymastia) can occur in
A

both males and females

87
Q

May include — tissue

A

glandular

88
Q

May be mistaken for a — (nevus)

A

mole

89
Q

Appear along the embryonic mammary

crest, which extends from

A

axilla to groin

area

90
Q

A — characteristic

A

mammalian

91
Q

Lymphatics of importance when considering

A

metastases of cancer cells

92
Q

—- (arise from glandular tissue,

epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts)

A

Adenocarcinomas

93
Q

Most metastasis is to

A

axillary lymph nodes

94
Q

Examples of Retraction Signs:

A

Cancer may cause lymphedema (excess
subcutaneous fluid) by blocking flow of lymph,
leading to “dimpling” of the skin of the breast
(edema of skin; Peau d’orange sign)

95
Q

Invasion of glandular tissue and fibrosis can

cause

A

larger, fingertip sized dimpling

96
Q

Invasion of retromammary space and pectoral

fascia will cause the breast to elevate when

A

pectoral muscles contract, a clinical sign of

advanced cancer

97
Q

Metastatic cancer cells from breast
tissue can also spread via parasternal
lymph node communication with

A 
internal 
thoracic (internal mammary) veins, 
which drain to intercostal veins
98
Q

These eventually drain to the azygos
venous system in the posterior thorax
and provide the route by which

A

cancers
of the breast can spread to thoracic
and skeletal structures

99
Q

Involvement of vertebral venous plexus
also provides a route for cancer cells to
spread to the (2)

A

brain and cranium

100
Q

Spread to the — may also be

involved

A

liver

Anatomy (29 decks)

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