AXIAL SKELETON Flashcards by Yzai Santos

Q

This is composed of bones & cartilages forming the framework of the body; the bones, cartilages, joints & ligaments accounts for about 20% of body mass.

A

Skeletal and Articular System

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Q

This make up the bulk of the skeleton.

A

Bones

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Q

This is the nose, part of the ribs, and joints.

A

Cartilage

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Q

This connects bones and reinforce joints to allow movement while restricting motions in other directions.

A

Ligaments

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Q

How many bones are there in our body?

A

206 bones

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Q

The bones are divided into 2 divisions, what are these?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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Q

This forms the long axis of the body including the bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage & sternum.

A

Axial skeleton

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Q

These are the bones of the upper & lower limbs & girdles (shoulder & hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

A

Appendicular skeleton

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Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A

Supports surrounding structures, protects vital visceral organs, gives attachment to the muscles & provides leverage in assisting body movements, produces blood cells, hematopoiesis; occurs in the bone marrow, storage of mineral salts, phosphorus & calcium

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Q

What are the three bone cells?

A

Osteoblast, osteoclast, and oscteocytes

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Q

BONES CELLS:

This cell is active in bone formation.

A

Osteoblast

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Q

BONE CELLS:

This cell is active in bone resorption.

A

Osteoclast

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Q

BONE CELL:

This is the principal cells of mature bone & surrounded by bone matrix.

A

Osteocytes

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

This consist of a shaft (diaphysis) & 2 extremities (epiphysis).
EX: humerus, radius, tibia, fibula

A

Long bones

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

These are the bones in the wrists & tarsal bones of the ankle.

A

Short bones

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

This consist of 2 flat plates of compact tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone.
EX: ribs, scapula, parts of hip bone,
bones of the skull

A

Flat bones

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

These are the bones of peculiar & differing shapes.
EX: vertebrae & ossicles of the ear

A

Irregular bones

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE:

This is enclosed in a tendon & fascial tissue & found adjacent to joints.
EX: patella

A

Sesamoid bones

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO DEVELOPMENT:

This involves the direct mineralization of dense connective tissue membrane forming bones.
EX: flat bones of the cranium

A

Bones formed by intramembranous ossification

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Q

CLASSFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO DEVELOPMENT:

This is the process where most bones in the body are formed; it involves replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone.

A

Bones formed by endochondral ossification

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Q

The axial skeleton has how many bones? and what are these?

A

80 bones; skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

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Q

How many bones are there in the skull, and what are these?

A

28 bones:
Cranial- 8
Facial- 14
Ear ossicles- 6

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Q

This enclose & protects the brain & furnish attachment sites for head & neck muscles; most of this bones are flat bone. All bones of the adult in this part are firmly united by interlocking joints and sutures EXCEPT the mandible.

A

Cranium

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Q

SUTURES OF THE SKULL:

This is where the parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline.

A

Sagittal suture

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SUTURES OF THE SKULL: This is where the parietal bones meet the frontal bone anteriorly.

Coronal suture

SUTURES OF THE SKULL: This is where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly.

Lambdoid suture

SUTURES OF THE SKULL: This is where the parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull.

Squamous suture

CRANIAL BONES: This is the back and base of the skull. Important features: foramen magnum, occipital condyles. EX: occipital protuberance

Occipital

CRANIAL BONES: This is the greater part of the superior lateral aspect of the skull.

Parietal

CRANIAL BONES: This forms the forehead, most of the orbital roof and anterior cranial fossa.

Frontal

PART OF FRONTAL BONES: This is the smooth portion between the orbits.

Glabella

PART OF FRONTAL BONES: These areas are lateral to the glabella.

Frontal sinuses

CRANIAL BONES: This forms the inferior lateral aspect of the skull & parts of cranial base; it contains the middle & inner ear structures; important feature is mastoid process 3 MAJOR PARTS: Squamous, Tympanic, Petrous parts. EX: Auditory meatus, Mastoid process, and Styloid process.

Temporal bones

PART OF SPHENOID BONES: This is the saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland.

Sella turcica

CRANIAL BONES: This is the bat-shaped bone that forms the midanterior base of the skull, forms the floor & lateral orbital floor. The important features are the 3 pairs of processes: Greater and lesser wing pterygoid processes, sphenoidal sinuses, and sella turica.

Sphenoid

CRANIAL BONES: This is located between the nasal bones & sphenoid; it form part of the anterior cranial floor, medial walls of orbit, part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavity; the important features are the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, middle conchae, and superior turbinates.

Ethmoid

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE: This forms the roof of the nasal cavity & floor of the anterior cranial fossa.

Cribriform plate

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE: This helps secure the brain in the cranial cavity.

Crista galli

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE: This forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE: This forms a protective shield over the sinuses.

Middle conchae

PARTS OF ETHMOID BONE: This protect the olfactory bulb.

Superior turbinates

This form the framework of the face; contain cavities for special sense organs; provide opening for air & food passages; secure the teeth; anchor the facial muscles of expression

Facial bones

How many bones are there in facial bones? And what are these?

14 bones: Nasal- 2 Lacrimal- 2 Inferior nasal concha- 2 Maxilla- 2 Palatine- 2 Zygomatic-2 Mandible- 1 Vomer- 1

FACIAL BONES: This is the thin & rectangular bones; it lies between the maxillary bones; it is fused medially and bridge of the nose to bind together the cartilage that forms individual nose contours and shapes.

Nasal bone

FACIAL BONES: This is fused medially to upper jaw; it is considered the keystone bones of the facial skeleton where all the facial bones articulate except the mandible.

Maxillary or maxillae bones

FACIAL BONES: This is also known as the cheek bones. * Articulates with: POSTERIOR- zygomatic process of the temporal bone SUPERIOR- zygomatic process of the frontal bone ANTERIOR- zygomatic process of the maxillae

Zygomatic (malar) bone

FACIAL BONES: This is U-shaped; the largest & strongest bone of the face; it consists of body, 2 rami, and coronoid & condylar processes.

Mandibular (lower jaw)

FACIAL BONES: This is fingernail shaped; it forms the anterior medial wall of orbit.

Lacrimal bones

FACIAL BONES: This is located between the maxillae and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone; it is formed from 2 bony plates: horizontal & perpendicular plates; it also form the posterior nasal cavity & part of hard palate.

Palatine bones

FACIAL BONES: This is slender & plow-shaped bone; it forms the posterior part of the nasal septum

Vomer

This is thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity; it project medially from the lateral wall of nasal cavity; it filters and humidify the air that we breathe.

Inferior nasal conchae

There are 6 in number of this bone; this is the small bones in the middle ear in the temporal bone.

Auditory ossicles

What are the bones in the auditory ossicles?

Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrups)

These are the cone-shaped bony cavities; it encases the eyes & lacrimal glands; it is formed by 7 bones: Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillae, palatine, lacrimal & ethmoid bones

Orbits

This is the passage of optic nerve

Optic foramen

This is mucosa-lined, air-filled sinuses inside the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & paired maxillary bones; it functions as warm & humidify the air, lightens the skull, and enhance resonance of the voice

Paranasal sinuses

This is a horseshoe shaped in upper part of anterior neck; the only bone that does not directly articulate with any bone of the body but anchored by a ligament; it acts as movable base for the tongue Parts: body & 2 cornua (horns)

Hyoid bone

This is composed of 51 bones: the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Trunk

This is also called the spine or spinal column; it is the framework of the back; s-shaped; it functions as an axial support of the trunk, transmits weight of the trunk to LE, protects the spinal cord, serves as an attachment for the ribs & muscles of the back & neck

Vertebrae

What are the bones in the vertebrae?

Cervical- 7 Thoracic- 12 Lumbar- 5 Sacrum- 1 (5 fused) Coccyx – 1 (4 fused)

This is the vertebrae in the neck region

Cervical vertebrae

Cervical and thoracic curvatures

Concave posteriorly

Lumbar and sacral curvatures

Convex posteriorly

The passage of vertebral artery (important feature of cervical vertebrae) is?

Transverse foramen

What are the types of cervical vertebrae?

Typical: C3-C6 (has bifid spine) Atypical: C1 (ATLAS), C2 (AXIS), C7 (VERTEBRAE PROMINENS)

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: This has no body and spinous process.

C1 (ATLAS)

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: It has odontoid process.

C2 (AXIS)

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: This acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas.

Dens

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: It has long single spine, and is not bifid.

C7 (VERTEBRA PROMINENS)

It has small facets for the ribs (demifacets); the vertebral foramen is circular; spinous process long & points sharply downward; transverse process with facets except T11 & T12; it increases in size from 1st to last; it is body heart shaped

Thoracic vertebrae

This is commonly referred to as the small of the back; it receives the most stress; have sturdier structure because of its weight bearing function; the articular processes lock the vertebrae together to prevent rotation; flexion, extension & lateral flexion possible

Lumbar vertebra

What are the unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

Body- massive & kidney shaped Pedicles & laminae are shorter & thicker Spinous processes are short, flat, hatchet shaped Vertebral foramen triangular

This is triangular in shape; formed by 5 bones; shapes the posterior wall of the pelvis

Sacrum

This is formed because the laminae of the 5th & sometimes the 4th failed to fuse medially

Sacral hiatus

This is also known as the tail bone; small triangular bone; formed by fusion of 4 or 5 bones

Coccyx

This forms a protective cage for the vital organs of the thoracic cavity; serves as an attachment of muscles; consists of rib, sternum & costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.

Thoracic cage

This is the spaces between the ribs; occupied by intercostal muscles; lift & depress the thorax during breathing

Intercostal spaces

This is flat, narrow bone located in the midanterior chest; it resembles a dagger

Sternum

What are the 3 parts of sternum?

MANUBRIUM- upper part BODY- middle part XIPHOID PROCESS- pointy end

3 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF STERNUM: This is where the left common carotid artery issues from the aorta

Jugular (suprasternal) notch

3 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF STERNUM: This is for PE & listening for sounds of heart valves

Sternal angle

3 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF STERNUM: This is at level with heart lying on the diaphragm

Xiphesternal joint

RIBS: 1-7 ribs: attached to the ribs by their own costal cartilages

True ribs (vertebrosternal)

RIBS: 8-10th ribs: attached to the sternum by the 7th costal cartilage

FALSE RIBS (VERTEBROCHONDRAL)

RIBS: 11-12th ribs: no anterior attachment

RIBS (VERTEBRAL)