axial skeleton Flashcards
what makes up the axial skeleton
vertebral column, notochord
what makes up the vertebrae
Endochondral Bone Formation in Vertebrae
what is the purpose of the axial skeleton
protect spinal cord, support body, allow for movement
amphicoelus
fish, some amphibians, biconcave
procoelus
amphibians, concave anterior
opisthocoelus
amphibians, concave posterior
acoelus, amphiplaton
most mammals, variable
heterocoelus
saddle shaped ex birds
vertebrates articulate via
symphysis joint
The heterocoelous vertebrae
of birds allows the neck to be
highly ___, compensating
for the rigidity in the rest of
the skeleton due to bone
___
flexible, fusion
what does the notochord start as
neural tube
development of vertebrate in generalized vertebrae (amniotes only)
sclerotome divides and
fuses with adjacent half,
becomes intersegmental
aspidospondyl vertebra and who has it
rhachitomous, labyrinthodont
holospondyl vertebra and who has it
lepospondyl vertebra
what did the basidorsal part of the Embryonic Arcualia of primitive fishes turn into
neural arch
what did the interdorsal part of the Embryonic Arcualia of primitive fishes turn into
interneural
what did the interventral part of the Embryonic Arcualia of primitive fishes turn into
pleurocentrum
what did the basiventral part of the Embryonic Arcualia of primitive fishes turn into
intercentrum
where do modern anamniotes and amniotes come from
labyrinthodonts
what do hox genes do
Hox genes
(transcription
factors) exert global
control over
patterning of the
vertebrate body
Normal formation of
sacral, lumbar, and
thoracic vertebrae in
mouse
Hox10 Knockout Mutant:
no lumbar vertebrae –
have ribs
Hox11 Knockout Mutant:
sacral vertebrae not
formed, have lumbar-
like appearance
