Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy Lec 2 > Integumentary of Mammals and Birds > Flashcards

Integumentary of Mammals and Birds Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

stratum corner can be what in mammals

A

callus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

histology of dog skin

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

layers of human skin

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stratum basale

A

divide to give rise to keratinocytes–

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stratum spinosum

A

connected via desmosomes giving cells prickly appearance under light
microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cytoplasm contains keratohyalin granules (dark)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stratum lucidum

A

pale staining translucent layer
(may not be present in thin skin), cell are dead and packed tightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stratum corneum

A

dead cells lacking nucleus, keratin (keratohyalin) abundant – officially “keratinized,”
cytoplasm fully replaced by keratin and tonofilaments. Cells continuously sloughed off
and replaced (desquamation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mammal dermis two layer

A

Papillary (finger like projections, deep to S.
Basale) –
Reticular (deeper layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

merocrine secretion, sweat composition: water, ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), waste products (urea, ammonia,
lactic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands:
where are they located

A

– Simple tubular glands, ducts opens into hair follicle, secrete by apocrine
mechanism (apical side of cell pinches off)
– Limited to armpits (axillary), breast, pubic region (inguinal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sebaceous Glands:

A

– Holocrine gland, duct opens into hair follicle, secretes oily substance (sebum),
lubricates and moisturizes hair and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ceruminous glands

A

Ceruminous Glands
– Produce ear wax
– Modified apocrine sweat glands,
coiled tubular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Meibomian Glands
A

Secretion lubricates eye/cornea
– Located in eyelid
– Merocrine secretion, compound alveolar glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Produce milk for young
– Modified apocrine sweat glands, compound tubuloalveolar
glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mammary glands are
modified ___ glands

A

apocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Progesterone prepares the ___
glands for lactation. After birth,
stimulation results in the release of
___, triggering ___ cell
contraction.
Initial product is ____. Contains
high levels of ___ (IgA – absorbed
through gut, IgM, and IgG), other
immune substances, high levels of
proteins, vitamin A, and other
substances. Lower in carbohydrates,
lipids, and potassium than regular milk.
Some times referred to as “liquid gold.”

A

mammary, oxytocin, myoepithelial, colostrum, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List total fat content, total protein content, lactose, and calcium content of human milk

A

4.4 g/100mL, 1.1g/100mL, 7g/100mL, 0.03g/100mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

do all mammals have mammary glands

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which sex has mammary glands

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how may pairs of mamary glands do mammals have

A

Variable: 1 pair in humans,
elephants. 6-8 pair in dogs &
cats, 12 pair + 1 in opossum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where on the body are mammary glands found?

A

ON THE “MILK LINE”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

polythelia

A

additional
nipples found along the
milk line (running from
arm pit to genital area).
May appear as a small
dot or fully formed
nipple.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

polymastia

A

additional
mammary glands found
along the milk line.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cutaneous Sensory Receptors
* Free Nerve Endings:, * Merkel Cell-Neurite Complexes:, * Encapsulated Nerve Endings:
26
* Free Nerve Endings:
– Deep layers of epidermis and papillary layer of dermis, responsive to pain
27
* Merkel Cell-Neurite Complexes:
– Stratum basale, particularly abundant in fingertips, responsive to light touch
28
* Encapsulated Nerve Endings:
– Pacinian corpuscle, – Meissner’s corpuscle, – Ruffini corpuscle, – Krause End Bulbs
29
– Pacinian corpuscle
responsive to pressure
30
– Meissner’s corpuscle
responsive to light touch
31
– Ruffini corpuscle
responsive to tension
32
– Krause End Bulbs
responsive to temperature
33
histology of pascinian corpuscle
34
histology of Meissner’s Corpuscle
35
mammalian hair
cuticle, cortex, medulla
36
cuticle
Cuticle is the outermost layer of hair, composed of thin, hard keratinized cells, overlap like shingles on a roof
37
cortex
– Cortex of soft keratin (like epidermis)
38
medulla
Medulla is the innermost layer of hard keratin (stronger form of keratin similar to that in nails, claws, etc.)
39
hair follicles
Develop as invagination of epidermis into dermis, eventually dips into hypodermis – Surrounded by CT sheath from dermis – Closely associated with sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles (smooth muscle, act to elevate hair)
40
structural features of hair follicle
External Root Sheath – Internal Root Sheath – Hair matrix – Dermal papilla
41
long hairs
guard hairs
42
short hairs
under fur
43
nutria
no guard hair
44
moles adapten to subtarrenaean lifestyles
no grain to hairs. Hairs stand strait up!
45
another use for hair beside insulation
Elephant hair functions in dissipation of heat. Sweat travels up hair and evaporates. Hair is thick – 1mm.
46
modified hair ex
Quills of Porcupine Are Modified Hairs Hairs modified into thick keratin plates. Released by contact or drop out, are not “thrown” at predators Old world and new world species
47
Pangolin “scaled anteater”
Asia and Africa – 8 species which are rated critically endangered Overlapping keratin scales - only animals with this adaptation
48
keratin scales or nails
Grow from stratum lucidum at the base, HARD keratin, Nail plate (homologous to stratum corneum & lucidum)
49
who has epidermal scales
beaver tail, armadillo shell, turtle shell - above the endoconwdral bone
50
horns
Bovidae (cattle, buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen) – Present in makes and females – Not branched (one exception) – Not shed – Increase in size with age – Generally coil – Covered in horn (keratin mainly) – Bony core is living
51
antlers
vPresent in males only (exception of reindeer) – Generally branched – Shed annually – Increase in size with age – Generally don’t coil – Covered in velvet when growing – Bare, dead bone when mature
52
where do horns grow
on forntal bone
53
Horns have a ___ core with a very heavily ___ epithelium. Horns are generally not ___ (one exception - pronghorn). Horns are never ____, they just keep getting bigger and bigger. Found in both ___, used for ___.
bony, keratinized, branched, shed, sexes, defense
54
where do antlers grow
frontla bone
55
what are antlers made of
bone
56
Antlers are ___ grown, are ___, and ___ at maturity.
annually, branched, dead
57
are pronghorn and giraffe horns homologous
yes
58
avian integumentary layers
Stratum basale (melanocytes present, also present in upper dermis) – Stratum intermedium – Transitional layer (melanin granules) – Stratum corneum
59
where are melanocytes in avians
epidermis
60
where are chromatophores in avians
dermis
61
uropygial glands
oils and wax (lipids), waterproofs feathers and functions in beak and feather maintenance
62
* Herbst and Grandry corpuscles:
Herbst corpuscles * High concentration in beak * Homologous to Pacinian corpuscles found in reptiles and mammals – Grandry corpuscles * Only in aquatic birds * Homologous to mammalian Meissner corpuscles
63
Herbst corpuscle histology
64
grandry corpuscles
65
types of feathers
66
parts of a feather (contour)
67
parts of the rachis of feather
68
who lacks hamuli
ostrich
69
Sinosauropteryx fossil
the first fossil of a non-avialan dinosaur with feathers
70
How are birds so colorful if they only have melanocytes
From melanocytes– brown/black from melanin (or red/brown from pheomelanin) 2. Structural colors – blue and iridescent colors (FORMED DIFFERENTLY THAN IN FISH-REPTILES) 3. From diet– yellows, oranges, and reds from carotenoids and pink, browns, reds, and greens from porphyrins, and red, orange, and yellow from psittacins and yellow from sphenicsians (type of pterin)
71
Minute particles in the feather that are smaller in diameter than the wavelength of red light influence shorter wavelengths, scattering/reflecting in all directions = appear ___
blue
72
Color remains the same when view at different angles of ___ light.
REFLECTED
73
If the feather is illuminated by ___ light (feather between viewer and light source) blue is not visible.
TRANSMITTED
74
iridescent structural colors
more layers. Acting like a prism, appearing to be different shades at different angles.
75
Colors from the Diet in Birds, yellows, red, oranges,
From diet, no chromatophores involved– yellows, oranges, and reds from carotenoids In Male Northern Cardinals, coloration is produced from the oxidation of red and yellow carotenoids from the diet. If fed only yellow carotenoids, the Cardinal will still be red. Very rarely, mutant Cardinals unable to oxidize carotenoids will appear yellow.
76
Colors from the Diet in Birds, pinks
The pink color of Flamingos comes from carotenoids of shrimp
77
Colors from the Diet in Birds, red, brown, pink, (UV), and green colors.
Porphyrins pigments are modified amino acids. Porphyrins are rare and can produce red, brown, pink, (UV), and green colors.
78
Colors from the Diet in Birds... not carotenoids
Psittacians are red, orange, and yellow and consist of linear polyene chain terminating in an aldehyde group. Parrots use Psittacians for red, orange, and yellow
79
yellow penguins
It was only recently discovered that the yellow found in penguins is from a spheniscin (a type of pterin). Pterins give yellow, orange, and red colors found in many animals (including invertebrates such as butterflies
80
red and blue in mandrill mammals
Red– thin epithelium, highly vascular dermis = red from blood. Blue– collagen fibers in dermis are regular/parallel (opposite of typical mammal condition) = a structural color
81
82

Anatomy Lec 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions