Skeletal basics Flashcards
1
Q
ectoderm forms
A
neural crest
2
Q
mesoderm forms
A
connective tissue, most bones
3
Q
axial skeleton
A
vertebral column (& notochord), ribs,
sternum, branchial skeleton, skull
4
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
limbs and girdles
5
Q
joint aka articulations
do what?
located where?
how are they classified?
A
hold bones together
and/or allow for body movement
– where bones meets bone
– classified by structure and function
6
Q
functional categories of joints
A
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
7
Q
Synarthrosis
A
immovable
8
Q
amphiarthrosis
A
slightly movable
9
Q
diarthrosis
A
freely movable
10
Q
what connective tissue makes up development
A
mesenchyme
11
Q
what connective tissue makes up cartilaginous skeleton/calcification
A
hyaline
12
Q
Cartilage what is it
A
connective tissue
13
Q
what is function of cartilage
A
support and locomotion
14
Q
origin of cartilage
A
mesoderm and neural crest origin
15
Q
what cells produce cartilage
A
chondrocytes
16
Q
matrix of cartilage
A
ground substance (contains chondroitin sulfate) and fibers
17
Q
growth of cartilage
A
Appositional and interstitial growth
18
Q
does cartilage have veins
A
no
19
Q
perichondrium of cartilage
A
fibrous membrane with inner cellular layer, surrounds
cartilage
20
Q
types of cartilage and describe
A
Hyaline– flexible and elastic, ribs ends of long bones
– Calcified hyaline – hard and brittle, skulls of some sharks
– Fibrocartilage – junction of ligaments and bones, intervertebral dsics
– Elastic– contains elastic fibers, springs back
21
Q
recognize hyaline cartilage
A
22
Q
recognize fibrocartilage
A
23
Q
recognize elastic cartilage
A
24
Q
what is bone
A
connective tissue
25
what is bone function
support
26
where bone come from
mesodermal neural crest
27
what makes bones
– Osteoblast produce bone matrix, become osteocytes in lacunae
28
what makes up bone
– Matrix contains phosphate and calcium salts (hydroxyapatite)
29
bone growth
appositional
30
is bone vascular
yes
31
how does bone change
remodeled by osteoclasts
32
types of bone
Dermal (membrane/intramembranous) vs Endochondral
– Compact vs Spongy
– Woven vs Lamellar (Haversian systems in mammals)
33
Does dermal bone have a cartilage precursor
no
34
where does the dermal bone develops
embryonic mesenchyme/dermis
35
types of dermal bone
Scales (see previous handouts)
– Skull (in part)
– Osteoderms
– Gastralia
– Plastron of turtles (belly)
– Dermal armor
36
what is gastralia
dermal bones found in the ventral (belly) body wall of some reptiles, like crocodiles and the tuatara, and in many prehistoric tetrapods, providing support for the abdomen and attachment sites for abdominal muscles.
37
The gastralia, composed of dermal bone, expands to form the ___ of turtles
plastron
38
Ribs and vertebrae, composed of endochondral bone, expand to form the ___ of turtles
carapace (the hard upper shell of a turtle)
39
In humans 8th week of fetal
development, many ___
centers within the ___,
meet at birth = simple ___
ossification, mesenchyme, bony
plates
40
Flat bones of cranial vault,
irregular bones of face, clavicle
and who has them
osteoderms, gastralia, armadillo armor
41
Mixed dermal/endochondral
bones (dermal bone formation)
what bones in the skull?
occipital, temporal,
sphenoid
42
Formation of bone step 1
an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
- centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate in osteoblasts, forming and ossification center
43
Formation of bone step 2
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane
* Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized
within a few days.
* Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
44
Bone formation step 3
Woven bone and periosteum form.
* Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood
vessels, which form a random network. The result is a network
(instead of lamellae) of trabeculae.
* Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of
the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
45
Bone formation step 4
Bone collar of compact bone forms and
red marrow appears.
* Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a
woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar
bone.
* Spongy bone (diploë), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists
internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
46
compact vs spongey bone and histology
47
does endochondral bone have a cartilage precursor
yes
48
where do you find endochondral bone
– Most bones in bony skeletons
49
what is epiphyseal plate
cartilage
50
Where is the epiphysis
top/bottom of the bone
51
where is the metaphysis
neck of the bone
52
where is the diaphysis
shaft of bone
53
steps to form endochondral bone
1) proliferation of cells,
2) condensation of cells,
3) hypertrophy, bone collar and vascularization
4) growth axes and bone marrow compartment
5) maturation of ossification centers
6) adult bone is formed
54
bone remodeling: epiphysis enlarges by
growth of epiphyseal cartilage
55
If aligned properly, bone will
heal itself, has ___ form
fibrocartilage
intermediate
56
which types of bone does lamellar bone occur in
Immature vs. Mature (Lamellar) Bone
57
where does immature bone form
before birth + found in jaw of adults, in dental alveoli
58
when does mature bone form
not formed until after birth
59
describe non lamellar bone in a young alligator
woven bone
Fast growing,
Less ordered,
Irregular collagen
placement
60
describe lamellar bone in a turtle
Regular placement
of collagen, slower
growing
61
Haversian bone
Specialized type of
Lamellar Bone
62
some fish have
acellular bone
63
64
Formation of osteons of
Haversian bone requires
___ by ___
remodeling, osteoclast
and osteoblasts
65
formation of osteons
Osteoclast make tunnel, osteoblast follow behind adding the lamellar bone
66
synarthrosis
fused joint, bones meet at suture
67
synostosis
bone
68
synchondrosis
cartilage
69
syndesmosis
fibrous connective tissue, most sutures
70
ankylosis
fusion of dentaries
71
gomphosis
tooth socket
72
diarthrosis
moveable joint
73
enarthrosis
ball and socket joint
74
ginglymi
hinge joint ex: knuckle
75
rotataria
pivotal joint ex bird skull and atlas
76
arthrodia
gliding joint (intermetacarpel joints of wrist)
77
fibrous joint
what is it
does it have a point cavity
synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis?
ex:
Bones connected by dense regular connective tissue, no joint cavity. Functionally can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.
ex: gomphosis joint, suture, sydesmosis
78
cartilaginous joint
what is it
does it have a point cavity
synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis?
ex:
Bones connected by cartilage, no joint cavity.
Functionally can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.
synchondroses, hyaline cartilage, symphesis, fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc
79
synovial joint: Bones covered in ___
cartilage, but separated by a ___
filled cavity; enclosed in an
___ capsule lined with the
___ membrane.
articular, fluid, articular, synovial
80
synovial joint: type?
diarthroses
81
classes of synovial joint
plane
joint, hinge joint, pivot joint,
condylar joint, saddle joint, and
ball and socket joint
82
types of synovial joint axial
Are multi-
, uni-, bi-, or nonaxial
83
Which came first, cartilage or bone?: The bulk of the developing skeleton in extant vertebrate ___ is ___ that is later
ossified (endochondral borne formation). Embryos tend to be evolutionarily/developmentally
conservative – implies ___ formed before ___ bone
embryos, cartilage, cartilage, endochondral
84
Which came first, dermal or endochondral bone?: Ostracaderms have ___ bone in cosmoid scales, with evidence of ___ in some – type of cartilage unknown, notochord was main support
– Placoderms have ___ = ___
– ___ bone appeared before ___ bone in the fossil record.
dermal, non-mineralized
vertebral elements,
ossified neural and hemal arches, endochondral bone
Dermal, endochondral
85
Which came first * Dermal Bone vs Cartilage???: Earliest chordate endoskeletons were ___, as found in the
pharyngeal region of amphioxus. (Cyclostome cartilage is ___)
– Later vertebrates produce ___, the main fiber found ___,
as seen in sharks and other extant vertebrates.
acellular non-mineralized cartilage, cellular, non-collagen-based
type II collagen, hyaline cartilage (cellular)
86
Likely order of appearance of bone =
acellular? non-collagen based? cartilage -> dermal bone -> cellular
collagen based cartilage? -> endochondral bone
87
Cartilage may have
evolved independently
in ____
Agnathans and
Gnathostomes
88
what forms the chondrocranium
mesoderm, neural crest
