Skull

Question 1

Cranial skeleton results in

Answer 1

chondrocranium, splanchnocraium, dermatocranium

Question 2

where is the chondrocranium from

Answer 2

mesoderm, neural crest

Question 3

where is the splanchnocranium from

Answer 3

neural crest

Question 4

where is the dermatocranium from

Answer 4

neural crest

Question 5

what does cephalization result in

Answer 5

locomotor adaptations, placement of muscles, size fo brain areas, position of eyes, olfactory and optic abilities, posture

Question 6

what forms the composite skull chondrocranium

Answer 6

mesoderm and some neural crest

Question 7

what forms the composite skull splanchnocranium

Answer 7

oldest, neural crest

Question 8

what forms the composite skull dermatocranium

Answer 8

neural crest

Question 9

neural crest Essential for development of vertebrate features, such as:

Answer 9

jaw, mammal middle ear ossicles, shell in turtles, feathers in birders, incisors in rodents

Question 10

chondrocranium - nasal, optic, and otic capsule develop from what

Answer 10

neural crest

Question 11

Embryonic Development of the Chondrocranium

Answer 11

condensation of mesenchyme form cartilage, cartilage plates fuse, ossification of cartilage plates

Question 12

what does the trabeculae turn into form the chondrocranium

Answer 12

forms ethmoid plate -> basisphenoid, prespenoid, orbitosphenoid, and mesethmoid

Question 13

in mammals the sphenoid turns into

Answer 13

basisphenoid, pre sphenoid, and orbitosphenoid

Question 14

parachordal cartilages turns into

Answer 14

basioccipital

Question 15

occipital arches turn into

Answer 15

exoccipital, supraoccipital

Question 16

nasal capsule turns into

Answer 16

ethmoturbinal, nasoturbinal, maxilloturbinal

Question 17

nasal capsule is from the

Answer 17

neural crest

Question 18

the optic capsule is from the

Answer 18

neural crest

Question 19

optic capsule forms

Answer 19

sclerotic

Question 20

otic capsule is from the

Answer 20

neural crest

Question 21

otic capsule forms the

Answer 21

prootic, opisthotic, epizootic, pterotic, sphenotic

Question 22

hyoid is from what origin

Answer 22

neural crest

Question 23

arch 1, mandibular arch results in

Answer 23

epibranchial and ceratobranchial

Question 24

arch 2, hyoid arch results in

Answer 24

spibranchial

Question 25

splanchnocranium results in

Answer 25

dorsal - pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, basibranchial - ventral

Question 26

spiracle

Answer 26

allows sharks and rays to draw in water from above even when swimming on ocean floor

Question 27

splanchnocranium becomes ___ with evolution

Answer 27

smaller

Question 28

what forms pharyngeal arch 1

Answer 28

Rhombomere 1, 2, 3

Question 29

what forms pharyngeal arch 2

Answer 29

Rhombomere forms 3, 4, 5

Question 30

what forms pharyngeal arch 3

Answer 30

Rhombomere 5, 6

Question 31

what forms pharyngeal arch 4

Answer 31

Rhombomete 6, 7

Question 32

what forms the spinal cord

Answer 32

spinal cord

Question 33

Neural crest cells derived from particular ___ (neural crest) of the ___ migrate into populate particular ___

Answer 33

rhombomeres, hind brain, pharyngeal arches

Question 34

rhombencephalon is from what part of the brain

Answer 34

3rd part

Question 35

the fish skull is

Answer 35

kinetic

Question 36

important ossifications of the jaw

Answer 36

one ossification in hyoid, two ossification in the upper jaw, one major ossification in the lower jaw, second (mentomeckelian) is present in some species

Question 37

study this

Question 38

study this

Question 40

Dermal Bones Covering Jaw: palatoquadrate

Answer 40

Question 41

Dermal Bones Covering Jaw: mandibular

Answer 41

Question 42

Dermal Bones Covering Jaw: palatal region

Answer 42

Question 43

Evolutionary Trend of Dermal Bone Loss

Answer 43

Question 44

Columella of frog is our

Answer 44

stapes

Question 45

The quadrate is our

Answer 45

incus

Question 46

The articular is our

Answer 46

malleus

Question 47

evolution of bones in skull

Answer 47

Question 48

Pelycosaurs; Synapsids, more ___ looking. Still have ___ jaw articulation. Used to be considered reptiles

Answer 48

mammal, quadrate/articular

Question 49

Theraspids

Answer 49

3 ear ossicles

Question 50

Primitive mammals + mammals

Answer 50

Synapsids, dentary/squamosal jaw articulation and 3 ear ossicles = Mammals

Question 51

Our palate is the growth of the ___, the ___, and the ___ from the outside edges down toward the center

Answer 51

premaxillia, maxilla, palatine

Question 52

Advantages of having a Secondary palate

Answer 52

Moved the functional opening of the internal nares to the back of the mouth Homeothermy, oxygen needs and food needs Secondary palate allow for breathing and chewing at same time

Question 53

Openings of the nasal sac

Answer 53

internal and external naris

Question 54

Changes in jaw articulation during the transition from early (pelycosaurs) to late (mammals) synapsids

Answer 54

Larger dentary associated with stronger bite. Homeothermy require more energy - need more food, need to be more successful as a predator.

Question 55

Double Jaw Articulation in Probainognathus, a late Cynodont (therapsid)

Answer 55

Jaw articulation occurs between the quadrate and articular (solid arrows), the primitive condition, and another articulation occurs between dentary and squamosal (open arrow)

Question 56

Evolution of middle ear bones in mammals

Answer 56

bigger to smaller