Axilla and Arm Flashcards by Melicia Sanchez

What are the contents of the axilla?

Axillary artery, axillary vein and distal portion of the brachial plexus (all contained in the axillary sheath)

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What are the boundaries of the axilla?

Anterior axillary fold- formed by pectoralis major

posterior axillary fold- formed by latissimus dorsi and teres major

*mid axillary line starts at the midpoint of the axilla and runs all the way down the torso

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What are the main branches of the axillary artery

Part 1- superior thoracic a.

Part 2- Thoracoacromial a.
Lateral thoracic a.

Part 3- Subscapular a. 
            Anterior circumflex 
             humeral a.
            Posterior circumflex 
             humeral a.

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What artery runs with the long thoracic nerve?

lateral thoracic artery

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What are the branches of the subscapular a?

circumflex scapular a.

thoracodorsal a.

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What does the superior thoracic artery supply?

1st and 2nd intercostal spaces

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What does the thoracoacromial a. supply?

pectoral muscles and deltoid

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What does the lateral thoracic artery supply?

serratus anterior and pectoral muscles

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What does circumflex scapular artery supply?

(branch off subscapular artery)

supplies scapular region

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What does the thoracodorsal a. supply?

latissimus dorsi

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What does the anterior circumflex a. supply?

shoulder and arm

anastomoses with posterior

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What does the posterior circumflex a. supply?

shoulder and arm, anastomoses with anterior

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What passes through the quadrangular space?

posterior circumflex humeral a. and axillary nerve.

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What are the borders of the quadrangular space?

teres minor

teres major

humerus

long head of triceps

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How can our body maintain blood flow to UE if axillary a. becomes occluded?

through the multiple anastomoses present around the shoulder

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What are the major tributaries of the axillary vein?

cephalic vein

basilic vein

brachial veins

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What is the brachial plexus?

network of nerves in the neck and axilla that gives rise to the nerves of the UE (including pectoral region)

ventral rami (C5-T1)

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What are the roots of the brachial plexus? Where are they located?

Ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

located in the neck

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What are the trunks of the brachial plexus? Where are they located?

Superior (C5-C6)

Middle (C7)

Inferior (C8 and T1)

located in the neck

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What are the division of the brachial plexus? Where are they located?

each trunk gives rise to a posterior and an anterior division

located deep to clavicle

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What do the anterior divisions give rise to?

nerves of the anterior arm and forearm and palmar hand

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What do the posterior divisions give rise to?

nerves of the posterior arm/forearm and dorsal hand

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What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

Named for position relative to axillary artery

Lateral: formed by anterior divisions of superior and middle trunk (C5-C7)

Posterior: formed by posterior divisions of all trunks (C5-T1)

Medial: formed by anterior division of inferior trunk (C8-T1)

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Where are the cords of the brachial plexus located?

distal to the clavicle

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What are the 2 branches of the roots?

dorsal scapular nerve long thoracic nerve

What does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?

motor to levator scapulae and rhomboids

Where does dorsal scapular nerve travel?

with dorsal scapular a., medial to the medial border of the scapula

What does the long thoracic nerve innervate?

motor to serratus anterior

Where does long thoracic nerve travel?

with the lateral thoracic artery along the mid axillary line on the superficial surface of serratus anterior

What would a lesion of the long thoracic nerve result in?

winged scapula

What is the suprascapular nerve a branch off of?

the superior trunk

What does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

(C5-C6) motor to supraspinatous and and infraspinatous

How does the suprascapular nerve travel?

with the suprascapular artery "army over navy"

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

motor to the anterior compartment of the arm sensory near the elbow, terminates as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

What does the median nerve innervate?

motor to most of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm and some intrinsic hand muscles sensory skin on part of the hand

carpal tunnel syndrome

involves compression of the median nerve as it passes deep to the flexor retinaculum at the wrist

What does the lateral pectoral nerve innervate?

motor to pectoralis major

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

motor to 1.5 muscles of the anterior forearm and most intrinsic hand muscles sensory to skin of part of the hand

Where can the ulnar nerve be compressed?

as it crosses the elbow joint as it is very superficial here

What does the medial pectoral nerve innervate?

pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

What does the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm innervate?

sensory innervation to skin of the medial arm

What does the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve of the arm innervate?

sensory to skin of the anterior arm and medial forearm

Where does the axillary nerve travel?

travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

motor to deltoid and teres minor sensory to skin on lateral shoulder

Where does the radial nerve travel?

courses in the radial groove with the deep artery and vein of the arm

What does the radial nerve innervate?

Motor to all muscles of the posterior compartments of arm and forearm sensory to skin of the posterior arm, forearm and hand

How can the axillary nerve be damaged?

with fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus

How can the radial nerve be damaged?

with mid shaft fracture of the humerus

What does the upper subscapular nerve innervate?

motor to superior portion of subscapularis

What does thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

motor to latissimus dorsi

What does the lower subscapular nerve innervate

motor to inferior portion of subscapularis and teres major

What do the C5-C6 brachial plexus roots generally innervate?

the muscles around the shoulder/arm

What do the C7-C8 brachial plexus roots generally innervate?

muscles in the hand

What is erb's palsy? What causes this?

affects shoulder muscles and anterior arm muscles and C5-C6 dermatomes UE presents in "waiter's tip" position with adducted and medially rotated GHJ caused by damage to C5-C6

What is Klumpke's palsy? What causes this?

affects intrinsic hand muscles, resulting in full claw hand and affecting C8-T1 dermatomes caused by damage to C8-T1

What is the innervation rule for the anterior arm?

musculocutaneous (C5-C7)

What are the action rules of the anterior arm

flex glenohumeral or elbow joint supinate forearm

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

coracobrachialis biceps brachii brachialis

Attachments of coracobrachialis

origin: coracoid process of scapula insertion: mid shaft of humerus

Action of coracobrachialis

flex GHJ

Attachments of biceps brachii

origin: SH- coracoid process LH- supraglenoid tubercle insertion: radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis

Actions of biceps brachii?

flex elbow, supinate forearm weakly flex GHJ

What does the biceps reflex test assess?

the musculocutaneous nerve and the C5-C6 spinal segments

Attachments of brachialis

origin: distal humerus insertion: ulnar tuberosity

Action of brachialis

flex elbow joint

What is the innervation rule for the posterior compartment of the arm?

radial nerve (C6-8)

What is the action rule for the posterior compartment of the arm

extend elbow joint, extend glenohumeral joint

What is the muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm?

triceps brachii- long head, lateral head and medial head

Origin of triceps brachii?

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Lateral head/Medial head: posterior humerus

insertion of triceps brachii

olecranon process of ulna

Actions of triceps brachii?

extend elbow extend GHJ (long head only)

What does the triceps reflex test assess?

radial nerve and the C7-C8 spinal segments

anconeus

small muscle posterior to elbow joint, stabilizes elbow

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

at the inferior border of teres major

What supplies blood to the arm?

the brachial artery, this is where BP is usually measured

How could you control hemorrhage of the distal UE?

by mid arm compression of the brachial artery

What branches does the brachial artery give rise to?

- deep artery of the arm ( in radial groove with radial nerve) - ulnar collateral arteries (anastomose around elbow)

Axilla and Arm Flashcards

(77 cards)