Back

Question 1

How many vertebrae do we have in the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

33; 24 mobile, 9 fused

Question 2

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

Answer 2

protect spinal cord and spinal nerves, posture and locomotion

Question 3

What are the movements of the vertebral column?

Answer 3

extension/flexion, lateral flexion, rotation

Question 4

Describe the curvature of the vertebral column

Answer 4

alternating lordosis and kyphosis

Question 5

kyphosis

Answer 5

primary curvature of the spine (thoracic and sacral)

concave anteriorly and develop early in ontogeny when the entire vertebral column is concave anteriorly

Question 6

Lordoses

Answer 6

secondary curvature of the spine (cervical and lumbar)

concave posteriorly and develop during infancy, as infant learns to hold head up and sit up right and walk, respectively

Question 7

What are the types of abnormal vertebral column curvatures?

Answer 7

excessive thoracic kyphosis

excessive lumbar lordosis

scoliosis

Question 8

Describe excessive thoracic kyphosis

Answer 8

exaggerated thoracic curvature “hump back” deformity

Question 9

Describe excessive lumbar lordosis

Answer 9

exaggerated lumbar curvature “sway back”

deformity

Question 10

Scoliosis

Answer 10

lateral deviation coupled with a rotational component

Question 11

Vertebral body

Answer 11

located anteriorly on vertebrae

articulates with intervertebral discs

supports body weight so gradually increases in size from cervical to sacral

Question 12

vertebral (neural) arch

Answer 12

located posterior to the vertebral body, consists of 2 pedicles and 2 lamina

Question 13

articular processes

Answer 13

2 superior and 2 inferior projections at the junction of pedicle and lamina

Question 14

vertebral canal

Answer 14

bony canal formed by adjacent vertebral foramina, contains spinal cord and associated structures

Question 15

vertebral notches

Answer 15

2 superior and 2 inferior vertebral notches per vertebra, located on the superior or inferior aspect of the pedicles

adjacent superior and inferior notches help form an intervertebral foramen

Question 16

intervertebral foramen

Answer 16

blood vessels and nerves transverse this foramen

Question 17

cervical vertebrae

Answer 17

n=7

small vertebral bodies, bifid spinous process

posteriorly projecting spinous process, have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins

also have uncinate processes

Question 18

vertebra prominens

Answer 18

vertebra C7

has the most prominent cervical spinous process

Question 19

Atlas

Answer 19

C1

lacks a vertebral body and spinous process; ring shaped

superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles of the cranium

Question 20

Axis

Answer 20

C2

dens process is the portion of the C1 vertebral body that is incorporated into the C2 vertebra during development

Question 21

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 21

n=12

spinous processes are long and slender and slant inferiorly to the level of the vertebral body below

heart shaped bodies, looks like giraffe

have costal facets on vertebral bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs

Question 22

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 22

n=5

robust; large bodies

posteriorly projecting spinous processes

looks like a moose

Question 23

What level of the vertebral column is best for spinal taps?

Answer 23

lumbar, due to large gaps between adjacent vertebrae in lumbar region

Question 24

lumbosacral angle

Answer 24

marks the junction of the L5 vertebra and sacrum

Question 25

sacrum

Answer 25

5 sacral vertebrae fuse into one triangular shaped bone, vertebral canal continues as sacral canal which ends at the sacral hiatus

Question 26

sacral hiatus

Answer 26

an opening at the inferior sacrum that can be used for administering epidural anesthesia

Question 27

coccyx

Answer 27

4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse into one triangular-shaped bone focal point for muscle and ligament attachment

Question 28

What are the functions of IV discs?

Answer 28

distribute force/weight, provide flexibility to vertebral column Cervical/lumbar IV discs are thicker anteriorly

Question 29

What are the component of IV discs?

Answer 29

anulus fibrosus - outer fibrocartilaginous ring nucleus pulposus- gelatinous center mass

Question 30

Joints of the vertebral bodies

Answer 30

cartilaginous (symphyses) joints, consisting of IV discs & ligaments there is also uncovertebral joints and facet joints

Question 31

uncovertebral joints

Answer 31

of Luschka, located between uncinate processes of cervical vertebrae and body of adjacent vertebrae site of bone spur formation, causing neck pain

Question 32

Facet (zygapophysial) joints

Answer 32

synovial joints between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae permits gliding movements between vertebrae-orientation of facets determines ROM

Question 33

cervical articular facets

Answer 33

face superiorly and inferiorly, permit flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

Question 34

thoracic articular facets

Answer 34

face anteriorly and posteriorly, permit rotation and restrict flexion/extension and lateral flexion

Question 35

lumbar articular facets

Answer 35

face medially and laterally, permit flexion/extension and lateral flexion and restrict rotation

Question 36

Atlanto-occipital joints

Answer 36

synovial joints between the atlas and axis primary motion is flexion/extension of the head "yes"

Question 37

What is the vertebral level of the inferior angle of the scapula?

Answer 37

T7

Question 38

vertebral level of iliac crests

Answer 38

L4

Question 39

The skin and fascia of the back receive segmental nerve supply via...

Answer 39

dorsal rami

Question 40

nuchal ligament

Answer 40

cervical thickening of the supraspinous ligament attaches superiorly to the external occipital protuberance and inferiorly to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

Question 41

thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 41

dense sleeve of fascia in thoracic & lumbar regions, site of muscle attachment, surrounds the intrinsic back muscles

Question 42

What innervates the extrinsic (SF) muscles of the back ?

Answer 42

ventral rami except for trapezius ( cranial nerve XI, accessory nerve)

Question 43

What are the extrinsic muscles of the back acting on the UE?

Answer 43

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, lavator scapulae, rhomboid minor and rhomboid major

Question 44

What is the triangle of auscultation?

Answer 44

the small region, free of overlying superficial muscles, bounded by the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and the scapula lack of muscle allows for more efficient use of stethoscope to listen to the sounds of the thoracic cavity

Question 45

What are the 2 extrinsic muscles involved in respiration?

Answer 45

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior these muscles are deep to the rhomboids and latissimus dorsi

Question 46

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back?

Answer 46

dorsal rami

Question 47

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

Answer 47

primarily extension of the vertebral column but also lateral flexion and rotation these muscles are commonly injured

Question 48

Superficial layer of intrinsic muscles of the back? Actions

Answer 48

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis extend neck- when contracting bilaterally lateral flexion & rotation of neck to ipsilateral side (when contracting unilaterally

Question 49

Intermediate layer of intrinsic muscles of the back? Action?

Answer 49

erector spinae- 3 columns - iliocostalis - longissimus - spinalis common origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spinous processes

Question 50

Insertion of iliocostalis

Answer 50

ribs, transverse processes

Question 51

insertion of longissimus

Answer 51

transverse processes, mastoid process

Question 52

insertion of spinalis

Answer 52

spinous processes, occipital bone

Question 53

Action of erector spinae muscles?

Answer 53

extend vertebral column (when contracting bilaterally, lateral flexion & rotation of vertebral column to ipsilateral side (when contracting unilaterally )

Question 54

Deep layer of intrinsic muscles of the back? origin?

Answer 54

transversospinalis- 3 parts (SF-deep) - semispinalis - multifidus - rotatores occupy "gutter" between transverse and spinous processes

Question 55

Action of transversospinalis?

Answer 55

extend vertebral column stabilize vertebrae rotation to contralateral side