B 1 Flashcards
0
Q
Describe death rate having only nurses working in ward B (2)
A
Lower % of women who died
Refer data in ward B when doctors and nurses were there and just nurses
1
Q
Suggest explanation for difference (2)
A
Doctors not transferring
Pathogens
2
Q
Evidence support doctors washing hands (3)
A
Lower % of patients died when doctors watched hands
No difference to ward B
Continued drop ward A
3
Q
2 reasons for low death rate in modern hospitals
A
Better understanding of immunity
Better drugs
Sterilise equipment
4
Q
What should control eat (1)
A
Same as usual
5
Q
Why include control group (1)
A
Comparison
6
Q
2 factors affect metabolic rate, not amount of activity
A
Gender
Age
Inheritance
7
Q
How to live longer (2)
A
Increase exercise
Reduce food intake
8
Q
Name 1 plant hormone
A
Auxin
9
Q
Drug (1)
A
Substance alters the way body or mind works
10
Q
Natural selection result in swordfish having longer swords (4)
A
Variation of sword lengths
Long swords get more food
Long sword survive and breed
Survivors pass on gene
11
Q
Scientist accept Darwin’s theory (1)
A
Genes discovered
More evidence now
12
Q
Nerve impulse pathway in reflex (4)
A
Passed along sensory neurone Synapse between neurones To CNS/brain/spinal cord/relay neurone To motor neurone To muscle which contracts or gland which secretes chemical substances Bypass brain
13
Q
IVF (4)
A
Eggs collected from ovary
Eggs fertilised
Embryo formed
Embryo inserted in womb
14
Q
Why reduce multiple birth (1)
A
Lead to low birth rate
Cause harm to mother/foetus/embryo/baby/miscarriage
15
Q
Compare treatments in reducing risk of heart diseases (4)
A
A+B most effective
D best single treatment
A and B not effective alone
A and C not effective
16
Q
Growing bacteria (6)
A
Petri dish and agar sterilised before use or kill unwanted bacteria
Inoculate loop by passing through flame to kill bacteria
Streak bacteria onto agar
Lid opened as little as possible to prevent microbes from air entering
Sealed with adhesive tape to prevent microbes from air contaminating the culture
Incubate at 25C to allow growth of bacteria, reduces likelihood of growth of harmful pathogens
17
Q
2 reasons why flat periwinkle cannot survive near high tide level
A
Wrong food
Exposed to predators
Cannot tolerate extended exposure to air
18
Q
Vaccination (2)
A
Weakened/dead
Pathogen
19
Q
3 way white blood cell protect us from pathogens
A
Produce antibodies, bind and destroy
Produce antitoxins, bind and neutralise
Ingest pathogens, destroy with chemical enzymes
20
Q
Vaccination against measles not protect against rubella (1)
A
Antibodies are specific
21
Q
Advantage of vaccinating lot of people against measles (1)
A
Reduce spread of infection
22
Q
Natural selection (3)
A
Variation between organisms within species, best adaption survive
Fittest survive
Genes passed on to next generation
23
Q
Trend for energy needed per day per gram of body mass (3)
A
Smaller the bird, more energy needed
Smaller bird gas larger surface to volume ratio
So heat lost more quickly
24
Trend time spent feeding (2)
Larger birds spend less time feeding
| They need less good per gram of body mass to satisfy energy needs
25
Adaptations of preys (5)
Camouflage, predator less likely see the prey
Long limbs, increase speed, prey outrun predator, antelope
Eyes side of head, all round vision, rabbit
Spikes, hurt predator cacti
Bad taste, predator find unpleasant and not attack same prey again
26
Why painkillers not cure disease (2)
Don't kill pathogens
| only reduce pain and infflamation eg paracetamol
27
Why should you not stop taking antibiotics until properly well (2)
Live bacteria still in body
| Would reproduce
28
Phototropism (4)
Auxin move to shady side so more
Unequal distribution
so unequal growth rates
Cause growth on dark side
29
Change in beak size (4)
Variation of beak sizes
Bird with larger beaks are better adapted for feeding
Birds with larger beaks survive and breed
Genes passed on to next generation
31
Why new resistant pathogen spread rapidly (3)
Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of non resistant strain
Individual resistant strain survive and reproduce
Population increases
31
Hormone (1)
Chemical produced by gland
32
Why if vaccinated and come in contact with the pathogen not get ill (3)
White blood cells release antibodies
Antibodies produced quickly when reinfected as stored as memory cells
Antibodies destroy pathogen
33
Organ produce hormone (1)
Gland
34
How hormones transported to target organs (1)
Bloodstream
35
Population male butterflies increased quickly after new gene (4)
Mutant gene allow hatching
Survive
Breed
Gene passed on to next generation
36
Menstrual cycle (4)
FSH (follicle stimuating hormone) released from pituitary gland, cause egg to mature, stimulates oestrogen Day 1-7
Oestrogen released from ovaries, cause uterus lining to thicken, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH Day 6-16
LH (lutenising hormone) secreted by pituitary gland, cause mature egg released
Progesterone released in second half of cycle to maintain uterus lining
37
Stimulus in muscle in leg (1)
Pressure
38
Why drugs trialled before used on patients (5)
```
Safe: not too toxic or sde effects
Effectiveness
Dosage
Stable: stored and used under normal conditions
Able to be taken in and removed by body
```
39
What happens at synapse (3)
Chemical released
Diffuses across synapse
Transmits impulse from neurone to another
40
Why difficult to stop using addictive drugs (2)
Alters chemical reaction in body
| Stop, then withdrawal symptoms
41
Why 16-29 year old use Class A drugs most (2)
Peer pressure
| Experiment
42
Why sheep height and mass decreased (4)
Variation in sizes
Warmer now
If warmer smaller sheep survive in winter
Small sheep pass genes to next generation
43
Advantage shallow roots spread out over large area (2)
Increased water uptake
| After rain
44
How hormone prevent conception (2)
Oestrogen inhibit FSH
| Egg not mature
45
Advantage large bulb like roots deep in soil (1)
Safe from predators
46
How leaves with wax and fold together help in desert (3)
Reduce water loss
Wax protect plant
Folding reduce warming
47
Why hand gel dispensers at entrance of hospital wards (2)
Kills bacteria
| Prevents transfer
48
How MRSA difficult to treat (3)
Mutation
Cause resistance
To antibiotics
49
2 diseases linked to obesity
Diabetes
| Arthritis
50
Does obesity cause cancer (2)
Pattern not identical
| Data only shows link
51
Why exercise help lose weight (2)
Increase metabolic rate
| Increases energy used by body
52
Why effect of alcohol more than heroin (2)
More people use alcohol
| Less harmful effect multiplied
53
Why size of pelvis changed (4)
Variation in size of pelvis
Large pelvis allowed passage of wide skull
Link between brain size and intelligence
Those with large pelvis more likely to survive and reproduce
54
2 ways seal adapted for swimming
Streamlined
| Flippers
55
How seal adapted to cold (2)
Fat
| Insulates
56
Pandemic (1)
Worldwide/several countries outbreak
57
3 main stages in testing new drug before sold to public (3)
Test on animals
Test for side effects on volunteers
Test for optimum dose
58
Why mutation of influenza virus cause another influenza pandemic (3)
Vaccine not developed yet, not immune
Antiviral drugs not yet developed, no effective treatment
Virus not recognised by white blood cells
59
Darwin's theory on flamingo have long legs (3)
Variation of leg sizes
Longer legs feed get more food
Survive and pass on genes to next generation
60
Lamarck's theory on flamingos have long legs (2)
Flamingos stretched legs to be able to feed in deeper water
| Acquired characteristics inherited by offspring
61
2 ways musk ox adapted to cold (4)
Fur
Retains heat
Small ears
Reduce heat loss
62
Main purpose of pre clinical testing (1)
Safe
63
Main purpose of 19-199 volunteers (1)
Side effects
64
Main purpose of 3000+ patients (1)
Optimum dose
65
Placebo (1)
Tablet/injection not contain drug
66
Metabolic rate (2)
Rate of chemical reactions
| In cells/tissues/organs
67
What proportion of menstrual cycle is fertile period (1)
1/4
68
Relationship between LDL, HDL and heart health (3)
LDL (low density lipoprotein) cause heart disease
HDL help prevent heart disease
Balance important for good heart health
69
How virus cause illness (1)
Damage, live and reproduce inside cells
70
Women not pregnant after intercourse on day 9 but on day 17 why (2)
Day 17 close to day of egg release
| Day 9 sperm die before egg released
71
Monitor show oestrogen and LH concentration better than just LH monitor if want pregnancy why (2)
Oestrogen concentration rises before LH
| Oestrogen stimulates LH
72
Swallow adapted for flying quickly (1)
Streamlined
73
Why swallows and swifts not stay in Britain in winter (1)
No food
74
Addictive recreational drug (1)
Heroin/cocaine/tobacco/nicotine
75
Legal recreational drug (3)
caffeine and nicotine stimulant, feel more alert and energetic, increase heart and blood rate, cancer, cardiovascular disease
alcohol depressant, calm, liver damage
76
Why hard to treat disease caused by virus (2)
Live inside body cells
| Drug would have to kill own cell to get to virus
77
Illegal recreational drug (1)
Cocaine stimulant alert and energetic
Cannabis depressant, calm, hallucinations, depression and mental illness
Heroin depressant, stop impulses to nervous system, no pain
ecstasy
adverse effects on heart and circulatory system
78
Why black snakes grew longer after introduction of cane toads (4)
Variation in snake length
Longer snake survive
Reproduce
Genes passed on to next generation
79
Roles of hormones in IVF (3)
FSH and LH given
FSH cause egg to mature
LH stimulates egg release
80
Structure detect stimulus (1)
Receptor
81
Neurone carries impulse to CNS (1)
Sensory neurone
82
Neurone carries impulse away form the CNS (1)
Motor neurone
83
Structure brings about response (1)
Effector
84
Why info from skin not reach brain is dangerous (2)
Person not aware of pain
| Possibility of damage
85
How natural selection lead to evolution (4)
Variation
Because mutation occurred in individuals
Individuals with characteristics most suited to environment survive
Genes passed to next generation
86
Arctic fox adapted to cold (4)
Fur
Insulation
Small ears
Reduce heat loss
87
Antelope adapt to avoid being killed by predators (4)
Horn
For defence
Long legs
Escape
88
How bacteria cause illness (1)
Produce toxins
89
Drugs kill bacteria cannot be used to treat viral infections (2)
Viruses live inside cells
| Drugs would damage body cells
90
Explain evolution of bill in Crossbill (4)
Mutation produced bird whose bill was crossed
Mutant crossbill able to ovation food easier
More likely to survive
Reproduce
91
Why large increase in antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria (4)
Overuse of antibiotics
Bacteria mutate
Antibiotics kill non resistant strains
Resistant strains of bacteria reproduce
92
How foetus affected if mother smokes tobacco (2)
Birth mass reduced
| Smoke contain CO so blood carries less oxygen
93
Cannabis should be classified as class A or B (2)
Mental illness
| Gateway to more harmful substances
94
Cannabis not classified as illegal (2)
Less addictive than tobacco
| Not associated with major social problems
95
Which organ produced cholesterol (1)
Liver
96
Which organ damaged by high levels of cholesterol in blood (1)
Heart
97
What affects level of cholesterol in blood (1)
Heredity
Genes
Exercise
Metabolism
98
Why MRSA causing problems (2)
Resistant to antibiotics
| Contagious
99
Why exercise is good (4)
Increase metabolic rate
Decrease blood pressure
Decrease obesity
Lower risk of heart disease, arthritis, diabetes
100
How washing hands can reduce spread of MRSA (2)
Kill bacteria
| So bacteria not transferred to other patient
101
How contraceptive pill work (2)
Inhibits FSH
| No eggs mature
102
Bean caper plant adapted for life in hot desert (4)
Widespread roots
Collect water form large area
Absence of leaves
Reduce water loss
103
Evolution (2)
Present day organisms have evolved form simpler organisms
| Over billions of years
104
Why scientist contradict natural selection (2)
Natural selection operate on successful characteristics produced by chance
In this experiment caused by hormones
Indicates inheritance of acquired characteristics
105
Recreational drug (1)
Using drugs for pleasure
106
Gazelle feeds only at dawn and dusk, other times in shade. How help conserve water (2)
Stays cool
| Less sweat
107
How needing less oxygen helps gazelle conserve water (2)
Less water lost via breath
| Breathing rate less
108
Evolution of pigeon like birds to flightless dodo (4)
Mutation produce smaller wings
Wings not advantage, no predators
Wings not advantage, food on ground
Successful birds breed
109
Gravitropism (4)
Gravity
Auxins at lower side
Lower side shoot grows more quickly
Stem turn upwards
110
Touch hot pan (5)
```
Stimulus detected by temperature receptors in skin
Impulses also sensory neurone to CNS
To relay neurone
To motor neurone
To muscle
Muscle contracts
```
111
Advantage of leaves flat on ground (1)
Less likely to be eaten
112
Advantage of thick root (1)
Plants less likely to be pulled out by grazers
113
Advantage go long stems (1)
Better competitor for light
114
Advantage of widespread roots (1)
Better competitor for water
115
How nerve impulse can be slowed down (2)
Impulse crosses synapse
| Slowed down because diffusion of chemical at this point
116
How bacteria cause illness (2)
Reproduce rapidly in numbers
| Produce toxins
117
How white blood cells respond to infections (4)
Engulf bacteria
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins
Bind and neutralise toxins
118
Why not believe Darwin (5)
God made animals and plants
Insufficient evidence
Mechanism of inheritance and variation not yet known until 50 years after theory published
Gap in fossil record
Natural take too long, Earth not old enough
119
How modern contraceptive pills are different (2)
Less oestrogen cause high blood pressure and headaches
| Contain progesterone, less side effects
120
Darwin different to Lamarck (4)
Darwin based on range of variation
Lamarck based on characteristics
Darwin survival of the fittest
Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristics
121
Method of water loss change significantly (3)
Urine
Less produced via kidneys
To maintain water balance
122
Penguin adapted to cold (3)
Fat insulates penguin
Streamlined reduce resistance in water, penguin swim faster to catch fish
Oily feathers prevent cold water reaching skin
123
Hormones used in IVF (2)
FSH
| LH
124
Why embryos not clone of parents (2)
mixture of genes from two parents
| fusion of gametes
125
Why not develop IVF (2)
ethical issues
| unnatural process
126
What needed to keep healthy
balanced diet
| regular exercise
128
Carb, fats, proteins
release energy and build cells
too much fat increase bad cholesterol
protein growth and repair
129
mineral ions and vitamins
needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body
| help various chemical reactions in body
129
lose mass when
energy content of food taken in less than amount energy expended by body
130
malnourished
unbalanced diet
| deficiency diseases like type 2 diabetes
131
antitoxins
counteract
132
Why antibiotics not used to treat non serious infections, like mild throat infections
rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down
133
What happen when antibiotic resistant strains develop
new antibiotics has to be developed
134
Nervous system enables
humans to react to to surroundings and coordinate behaviour
135
Receptors in diff senses and stimli detect
eyes, sensitive to light
ears to sound, changes in position, keep balance
tongue and nose to chemicals enable to taste and smell
skin to touch, pressure, pain, temp changes
136
light receptor cells structure
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
137
water content controlled
water leave via lungs when breath
skin when sweat to cool
excess lost via kidneys in urine
138
ion content
lost via skin when sweat
| excess lost via kidneys in urine
139
temp
maintain so enzymes work best
140
blood sugar levels
provide cells with constant supply of energy
141
thalidomide
drug developed as sleeping pill, relieve morning sickness
142
statins
lower risk of heart and circulatory diseases by 25-40%
cholesterol by up to 50%
but risk of liver damage, people stop eating healthily as think drug do all
143
Thalidomide probs
not tested on pregnant, baby limb deformities
so banned
now drug test more rigorous
144
Now thalidomide
leprosy
145
Cannabis prob
contain smoke contain chemicals cause mental illness
146
Factors which plants and animals compete for
light, water, space, nutrients
| food, mates, territory
147
Performance enhancing drugs
stimulants boost bodily functions like heart rates, faster reaction time
anabolic steroids stimulate muscle growth, weight lifters
148
To survive and reproduce, organisms require
a supply of materials from their surroundings and other living organisms
149
organisms subjected to environmental changes, caused by
non living factors: average temp and rainfall
| living: competitor
150
extremophiles
tolerant to high levels of salt(cytoplasm adapted so water not move out of cells into salty), high temp (enzymes adapt not denature), pressure
151
How environmetal changes measured
Non living indicators like oxygen levels, temp, rainfall
152
Indicators of pollution
lichens: air, con of SO2
Invertebrates: water, con of dissolved O2, easy to count, less apparatus
153
How new plants produced quickly and cheaply
by taking cuttings from older plants, genetically identical to parent plant
154
Embryo transplants
split apart cells from developing animal embryo before specialised
transplant identical embryos to host mother
155
Adult cell cloning
nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
nucleus from body cell inserted into egg
elec shock cause egg divide to form embryo cells
embryo contain same genetic info as skin cell
when embryo developed into ball of cells, inserted in womb to continue development
156
Why GM crops
increased yields
157
GE
genes from chromosomes removed using restriction enzymes
| tranferred/inserted to cells of other organisms
158
classification helps
to understand evolutionary and ecological relationships
159
What new forms of genes result from mutation
rapid change in species if environment changes
160
Fibre
help digestive system
161
Water
transport dissolved substance
162
What happens to excess energy
stored as fat
163
Pro of exercise
use energy during and after, increase good cholesterol, decrease bad
164
How metabolic change when cold
increase to use more energy to maintain body temp
165
Cholesterol
waxy fat molecule essential to produce cell membrane and hormones
166
Pathogen
microorganism cause disease
167
Bacteria
small, single celled organisms that reproduce quickly
168
Viruses
smaller than bacteria
169
Diseases spread by
direct contact, impetigo
droplet infection, sneeze
contaminated food, salmonella and cholera
break through skin, skin is barrier which prevents pathogens preventing
170
Why many not wash hands
troublesome
doctor's fault
God's punishment
171
Primary defence
skin
lung, mucus
stomach, acid
172
Eg of antibiotics
pennicilin
173
Epidemic
strain cause large outbreak of disease in 1 country
174
Nervous system
network of neurons in bundles called nerves
175
Rooting powder
placed end of plant cutting, encourage root formation to grow new plant
176
Weed killers
high dowse of growth hormone encourage uncontrolled growth in broad leaved plants (weed) which kills them
Narrow leaved like cereal crops not affected
177
Effectiveness of prescribed and non drugs can only be measured in
double blind trials, some neutral or cause damage, some useful like StJohn's WOrt
178
Why take performance enhancing drugs
Win, try best
others use, left behind
health risks, their body, their choice
claim given by coaches without knowing
179
Why ban performance enhance
extension of nutritional supplements
natural, not enhanced by artificial
health risks
expensive, advantage to rich
180
Carnivores adaptations
teeth adapted to tear flesh and crush bones
| eyes at front perception depth
181
How aid reproduction in plants
berries, animals eat deposited in faeces
catch in wind, disperse reduce comp
stick to animals
float on water for long like coconuts
182
Adaptaion
special feature make organims well suited to environment
183
Living factors
predators
| pathogen
184
Chromosomes
thread like structures holding about 1000 genes made of DNA
185
Gene
small sections of DNA which control a characteristic, by determining enzyme (proteins) made
186
Tissue culture
collect small sample of plant cells, use sterile agar with plant hormones to grow large mass of identical cells
divide them into separate groups using diff mix of hormones, nutrients grow them into individual plants
187
Uses of adult cell cloning
medicine
bring species from extinction
clone pets
produce babies for infertile
188
Pros and cons of GE
resistant to pests, increase yields
extra vitamins to food prevent disease
healthy genes inserted to diseased
genes might pass to pests, resistant
designer babies
uncertain effect on health and food chain effects
189
Cloning and GE diff
C produce exact copies
genes copied within same species
GE produce unique set of genes
can be swapped across species
190
Evidence for Darwin
Fossils
191
Classification
organisation of living things into groups, sim
largest kingdoms
smallest species
192
How read evolutionary trees
closer species on tree, more recently share common ancestor
