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B 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe death rate having only nurses working in ward B (2)

A

Lower % of women who died

Refer data in ward B when doctors and nurses were there and just nurses

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1
Q

Suggest explanation for difference (2)

A

Doctors not transferring

Pathogens

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2
Q

Evidence support doctors washing hands (3)

A

Lower % of patients died when doctors watched hands
No difference to ward B
Continued drop ward A

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3
Q

2 reasons for low death rate in modern hospitals

A

Better understanding of immunity
Better drugs
Sterilise equipment

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4
Q

What should control eat (1)

A

Same as usual

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5
Q

Why include control group (1)

A

Comparison

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6
Q

2 factors affect metabolic rate, not amount of activity

A

Gender
Age
Inheritance

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7
Q

How to live longer (2)

A

Increase exercise

Reduce food intake

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8
Q

Name 1 plant hormone

A

Auxin

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9
Q

Drug (1)

A

Substance alters the way body or mind works

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10
Q

Natural selection result in swordfish having longer swords (4)

A

Variation of sword lengths
Long swords get more food
Long sword survive and breed
Survivors pass on gene

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11
Q

Scientist accept Darwin’s theory (1)

A

Genes discovered

More evidence now

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12
Q

Nerve impulse pathway in reflex (4)

A 
Passed along sensory neurone
Synapse between neurones
To CNS/brain/spinal cord/relay neurone
To motor neurone
To muscle which contracts or gland which secretes chemical substances
Bypass brain
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13
Q

IVF (4)

A

Eggs collected from ovary
Eggs fertilised
Embryo formed
Embryo inserted in womb

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14
Q

Why reduce multiple birth (1)

A

Lead to low birth rate

Cause harm to mother/foetus/embryo/baby/miscarriage

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15
Q

Compare treatments in reducing risk of heart diseases (4)

A

A+B most effective
D best single treatment
A and B not effective alone
A and C not effective

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16
Q

Growing bacteria (6)

A

Petri dish and agar sterilised before use or kill unwanted bacteria
Inoculate loop by passing through flame to kill bacteria
Streak bacteria onto agar
Lid opened as little as possible to prevent microbes from air entering
Sealed with adhesive tape to prevent microbes from air contaminating the culture
Incubate at 25C to allow growth of bacteria, reduces likelihood of growth of harmful pathogens

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17
Q

2 reasons why flat periwinkle cannot survive near high tide level

A

Wrong food
Exposed to predators
Cannot tolerate extended exposure to air

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18
Q

Vaccination (2)

A

Weakened/dead

Pathogen

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19
Q

3 way white blood cell protect us from pathogens

A

Produce antibodies, bind and destroy
Produce antitoxins, bind and neutralise
Ingest pathogens, destroy with chemical enzymes

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20
Q

Vaccination against measles not protect against rubella (1)

A

Antibodies are specific

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21
Q

Advantage of vaccinating lot of people against measles (1)

A

Reduce spread of infection

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22
Q

Natural selection (3)

A

Variation between organisms within species, best adaption survive
Fittest survive
Genes passed on to next generation

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23
Q

Trend for energy needed per day per gram of body mass (3)

A

Smaller the bird, more energy needed
Smaller bird gas larger surface to volume ratio
So heat lost more quickly

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24
Q

Trend time spent feeding (2)

A

Larger birds spend less time feeding

They need less good per gram of body mass to satisfy energy needs

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25
Q

Adaptations of preys (5)

A

Camouflage, predator less likely see the prey
Long limbs, increase speed, prey outrun predator, antelope
Eyes side of head, all round vision, rabbit
Spikes, hurt predator cacti
Bad taste, predator find unpleasant and not attack same prey again

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26
Q

Why painkillers not cure disease (2)

A

Don’t kill pathogens

only reduce pain and infflamation eg paracetamol

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27
Q

Why should you not stop taking antibiotics until properly well (2)

A

Live bacteria still in body

Would reproduce

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28
Q

Phototropism (4)

A

Auxin move to shady side so more
Unequal distribution
so unequal growth rates
Cause growth on dark side

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29
Q

Change in beak size (4)

A

Variation of beak sizes
Bird with larger beaks are better adapted for feeding
Birds with larger beaks survive and breed
Genes passed on to next generation

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31
Q

Why new resistant pathogen spread rapidly (3)

A

Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of non resistant strain
Individual resistant strain survive and reproduce
Population increases

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31
Q

Hormone (1)

A

Chemical produced by gland

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32
Q

Why if vaccinated and come in contact with the pathogen not get ill (3)

A

White blood cells release antibodies
Antibodies produced quickly when reinfected as stored as memory cells
Antibodies destroy pathogen

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33
Q

Organ produce hormone (1)

A

Gland

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34
Q

How hormones transported to target organs (1)

A

Bloodstream

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35
Q

Population male butterflies increased quickly after new gene (4)

A

Mutant gene allow hatching
Survive
Breed
Gene passed on to next generation

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36
Q

Menstrual cycle (4)

A

FSH (follicle stimuating hormone) released from pituitary gland, cause egg to mature, stimulates oestrogen Day 1-7
Oestrogen released from ovaries, cause uterus lining to thicken, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH Day 6-16
LH (lutenising hormone) secreted by pituitary gland, cause mature egg released
Progesterone released in second half of cycle to maintain uterus lining

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37
Q

Stimulus in muscle in leg (1)

A

Pressure

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38
Q

Why drugs trialled before used on patients (5)

A 
Safe: not too toxic or sde effects
Effectiveness
Dosage
Stable: stored and used under normal conditions
Able to be taken in and removed by body
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39
Q

What happens at synapse (3)

A

Chemical released
Diffuses across synapse
Transmits impulse from neurone to another

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40
Q

Why difficult to stop using addictive drugs (2)

A

Alters chemical reaction in body

Stop, then withdrawal symptoms

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41
Q

Why 16-29 year old use Class A drugs most (2)

A

Peer pressure

Experiment

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42
Q

Why sheep height and mass decreased (4)

A

Variation in sizes
Warmer now
If warmer smaller sheep survive in winter
Small sheep pass genes to next generation

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43
Q

Advantage shallow roots spread out over large area (2)

A

Increased water uptake

After rain

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44
Q

How hormone prevent conception (2)

A

Oestrogen inhibit FSH

Egg not mature

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45
Q

Advantage large bulb like roots deep in soil (1)

A

Safe from predators

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46
Q

How leaves with wax and fold together help in desert (3)

A

Reduce water loss
Wax protect plant
Folding reduce warming

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47
Q

Why hand gel dispensers at entrance of hospital wards (2)

A

Kills bacteria

Prevents transfer

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48
Q

How MRSA difficult to treat (3)

A

Mutation
Cause resistance
To antibiotics

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49
Q

2 diseases linked to obesity

A

Diabetes

Arthritis

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50
Q

Does obesity cause cancer (2)

A

Pattern not identical

Data only shows link

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51
Q

Why exercise help lose weight (2)

A

Increase metabolic rate

Increases energy used by body

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52
Q

Why effect of alcohol more than heroin (2)

A

More people use alcohol

Less harmful effect multiplied

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53
Q

Why size of pelvis changed (4)

A

Variation in size of pelvis
Large pelvis allowed passage of wide skull
Link between brain size and intelligence
Those with large pelvis more likely to survive and reproduce

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54
Q

2 ways seal adapted for swimming

A

Streamlined

Flippers

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55
Q

How seal adapted to cold (2)

A

Fat

Insulates

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56
Q

Pandemic (1)

A

Worldwide/several countries outbreak

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57
Q

3 main stages in testing new drug before sold to public (3)

A

Test on animals
Test for side effects on volunteers
Test for optimum dose

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58
Q

Why mutation of influenza virus cause another influenza pandemic (3)

A

Vaccine not developed yet, not immune
Antiviral drugs not yet developed, no effective treatment
Virus not recognised by white blood cells

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59
Q

Darwin’s theory on flamingo have long legs (3)

A

Variation of leg sizes
Longer legs feed get more food
Survive and pass on genes to next generation

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60
Q

Lamarck’s theory on flamingos have long legs (2)

A

Flamingos stretched legs to be able to feed in deeper water

Acquired characteristics inherited by offspring

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61
Q

2 ways musk ox adapted to cold (4)

A

Fur
Retains heat
Small ears
Reduce heat loss

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62
Q

Main purpose of pre clinical testing (1)

A

Safe

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63
Q

Main purpose of 19-199 volunteers (1)

A

Side effects

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64
Q

Main purpose of 3000+ patients (1)

A

Optimum dose

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65
Q

Placebo (1)

A

Tablet/injection not contain drug

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66
Q

Metabolic rate (2)

A

Rate of chemical reactions

In cells/tissues/organs

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67
Q

What proportion of menstrual cycle is fertile period (1)

A

1/4

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68
Q

Relationship between LDL, HDL and heart health (3)

A

LDL (low density lipoprotein) cause heart disease
HDL help prevent heart disease
Balance important for good heart health

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69
Q

How virus cause illness (1)

A

Damage, live and reproduce inside cells

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70
Q

Women not pregnant after intercourse on day 9 but on day 17 why (2)

A

Day 17 close to day of egg release

Day 9 sperm die before egg released

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71
Q

Monitor show oestrogen and LH concentration better than just LH monitor if want pregnancy why (2)

A

Oestrogen concentration rises before LH

Oestrogen stimulates LH

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72
Q

Swallow adapted for flying quickly (1)

A

Streamlined

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73
Q

Why swallows and swifts not stay in Britain in winter (1)

A

No food

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74
Q

Addictive recreational drug (1)

A

Heroin/cocaine/tobacco/nicotine

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75
Q

Legal recreational drug (3)

A

caffeine and nicotine stimulant, feel more alert and energetic, increase heart and blood rate, cancer, cardiovascular disease
alcohol depressant, calm, liver damage

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76
Q

Why hard to treat disease caused by virus (2)

A

Live inside body cells

Drug would have to kill own cell to get to virus

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77
Q

Illegal recreational drug (1)

A

Cocaine stimulant alert and energetic
Cannabis depressant, calm, hallucinations, depression and mental illness
Heroin depressant, stop impulses to nervous system, no pain
ecstasy
adverse effects on heart and circulatory system

78
Q

Why black snakes grew longer after introduction of cane toads (4)

A

Variation in snake length
Longer snake survive
Reproduce
Genes passed on to next generation

79
Q

Roles of hormones in IVF (3)

A

FSH and LH given
FSH cause egg to mature
LH stimulates egg release

80
Q

Structure detect stimulus (1)

A

Receptor

81
Q

Neurone carries impulse to CNS (1)

A

Sensory neurone

82
Q

Neurone carries impulse away form the CNS (1)

A

Motor neurone

83
Q

Structure brings about response (1)

A

Effector

84
Q

Why info from skin not reach brain is dangerous (2)

A

Person not aware of pain

Possibility of damage

85
Q

How natural selection lead to evolution (4)

A

Variation
Because mutation occurred in individuals
Individuals with characteristics most suited to environment survive
Genes passed to next generation

86
Q

Arctic fox adapted to cold (4)

A

Fur
Insulation
Small ears
Reduce heat loss

87
Q

Antelope adapt to avoid being killed by predators (4)

A

Horn
For defence
Long legs
Escape

88
Q

How bacteria cause illness (1)

A

Produce toxins

89
Q

Drugs kill bacteria cannot be used to treat viral infections (2)

A

Viruses live inside cells

Drugs would damage body cells

90
Q

Explain evolution of bill in Crossbill (4)

A

Mutation produced bird whose bill was crossed
Mutant crossbill able to ovation food easier
More likely to survive
Reproduce

91
Q

Why large increase in antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria (4)

A

Overuse of antibiotics
Bacteria mutate
Antibiotics kill non resistant strains
Resistant strains of bacteria reproduce

92
Q

How foetus affected if mother smokes tobacco (2)

A

Birth mass reduced

Smoke contain CO so blood carries less oxygen

93
Q

Cannabis should be classified as class A or B (2)

A

Mental illness

Gateway to more harmful substances

94
Q

Cannabis not classified as illegal (2)

A

Less addictive than tobacco

Not associated with major social problems

95
Q

Which organ produced cholesterol (1)

A

Liver

96
Q

Which organ damaged by high levels of cholesterol in blood (1)

A

Heart

97
Q

What affects level of cholesterol in blood (1)

A

Heredity
Genes
Exercise
Metabolism

98
Q

Why MRSA causing problems (2)

A

Resistant to antibiotics

Contagious

99
Q

Why exercise is good (4)

A

Increase metabolic rate
Decrease blood pressure
Decrease obesity
Lower risk of heart disease, arthritis, diabetes

100
Q

How washing hands can reduce spread of MRSA (2)

A

Kill bacteria

So bacteria not transferred to other patient

101
Q

How contraceptive pill work (2)

A

Inhibits FSH

No eggs mature

102
Q

Bean caper plant adapted for life in hot desert (4)

A

Widespread roots
Collect water form large area
Absence of leaves
Reduce water loss

103
Q

Evolution (2)

A

Present day organisms have evolved form simpler organisms

Over billions of years

104
Q

Why scientist contradict natural selection (2)

A

Natural selection operate on successful characteristics produced by chance
In this experiment caused by hormones
Indicates inheritance of acquired characteristics

105
Q

Recreational drug (1)

A

Using drugs for pleasure

106
Q

Gazelle feeds only at dawn and dusk, other times in shade. How help conserve water (2)

A

Stays cool

Less sweat

107
Q

How needing less oxygen helps gazelle conserve water (2)

A

Less water lost via breath

Breathing rate less

108
Q

Evolution of pigeon like birds to flightless dodo (4)

A

Mutation produce smaller wings
Wings not advantage, no predators
Wings not advantage, food on ground
Successful birds breed

109
Q

Gravitropism (4)

A

Gravity
Auxins at lower side
Lower side shoot grows more quickly
Stem turn upwards

110
Q

Touch hot pan (5)

A 
Stimulus detected by temperature receptors in skin
Impulses also sensory neurone to CNS
To relay neurone
To motor neurone
To muscle
Muscle contracts
111
Q

Advantage of leaves flat on ground (1)

A

Less likely to be eaten

112
Q

Advantage of thick root (1)

A

Plants less likely to be pulled out by grazers

113
Q

Advantage go long stems (1)

A

Better competitor for light

114
Q

Advantage of widespread roots (1)

A

Better competitor for water

115
Q

How nerve impulse can be slowed down (2)

A

Impulse crosses synapse

Slowed down because diffusion of chemical at this point

116
Q

How bacteria cause illness (2)

A

Reproduce rapidly in numbers

Produce toxins

117
Q

How white blood cells respond to infections (4)

A

Engulf bacteria
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins
Bind and neutralise toxins

118
Q

Why not believe Darwin (5)

A

God made animals and plants
Insufficient evidence
Mechanism of inheritance and variation not yet known until 50 years after theory published
Gap in fossil record
Natural take too long, Earth not old enough

119
Q

How modern contraceptive pills are different (2)

A

Less oestrogen cause high blood pressure and headaches

Contain progesterone, less side effects

120
Q

Darwin different to Lamarck (4)

A

Darwin based on range of variation
Lamarck based on characteristics
Darwin survival of the fittest
Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristics

121
Q

Method of water loss change significantly (3)

A

Urine
Less produced via kidneys
To maintain water balance

122
Q

Penguin adapted to cold (3)

A

Fat insulates penguin
Streamlined reduce resistance in water, penguin swim faster to catch fish
Oily feathers prevent cold water reaching skin

123
Q

Hormones used in IVF (2)

A

FSH

LH

124
Q

Why embryos not clone of parents (2)

A

mixture of genes from two parents

fusion of gametes

125
Q

Why not develop IVF (2)

A

ethical issues

unnatural process

126
Q

What needed to keep healthy

A

balanced diet

regular exercise

128
Q

Carb, fats, proteins

A

release energy and build cells
too much fat increase bad cholesterol
protein growth and repair

129
Q

mineral ions and vitamins

A

needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body

help various chemical reactions in body

129
Q

lose mass when

A

energy content of food taken in less than amount energy expended by body

130
Q

malnourished

A

unbalanced diet

deficiency diseases like type 2 diabetes

131
Q

antitoxins

A

counteract

132
Q

Why antibiotics not used to treat non serious infections, like mild throat infections

A

rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down

133
Q

What happen when antibiotic resistant strains develop

A

new antibiotics has to be developed

134
Q

Nervous system enables

A

humans to react to to surroundings and coordinate behaviour

135
Q

Receptors in diff senses and stimli detect

A

eyes, sensitive to light
ears to sound, changes in position, keep balance
tongue and nose to chemicals enable to taste and smell
skin to touch, pressure, pain, temp changes

136
Q

light receptor cells structure

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

137
Q

water content controlled

A

water leave via lungs when breath
skin when sweat to cool
excess lost via kidneys in urine

138
Q

ion content

A

lost via skin when sweat

excess lost via kidneys in urine

139
Q

temp

A

maintain so enzymes work best

140
Q

blood sugar levels

A

provide cells with constant supply of energy

141
Q

thalidomide

A

drug developed as sleeping pill, relieve morning sickness

142
Q

statins

A

lower risk of heart and circulatory diseases by 25-40%
cholesterol by up to 50%
but risk of liver damage, people stop eating healthily as think drug do all

143
Q

Thalidomide probs

A

not tested on pregnant, baby limb deformities
so banned
now drug test more rigorous

144
Q

Now thalidomide

A

leprosy

145
Q

Cannabis prob

A

contain smoke contain chemicals cause mental illness

146
Q

Factors which plants and animals compete for

A

light, water, space, nutrients

food, mates, territory

147
Q

Performance enhancing drugs

A

stimulants boost bodily functions like heart rates, faster reaction time
anabolic steroids stimulate muscle growth, weight lifters

148
Q

To survive and reproduce, organisms require

A

a supply of materials from their surroundings and other living organisms

149
Q

organisms subjected to environmental changes, caused by

A

non living factors: average temp and rainfall

living: competitor

150
Q

extremophiles

A

tolerant to high levels of salt(cytoplasm adapted so water not move out of cells into salty), high temp (enzymes adapt not denature), pressure

151
Q

How environmetal changes measured

A

Non living indicators like oxygen levels, temp, rainfall

152
Q

Indicators of pollution

A

lichens: air, con of SO2
Invertebrates: water, con of dissolved O2, easy to count, less apparatus

153
Q

How new plants produced quickly and cheaply

A

by taking cuttings from older plants, genetically identical to parent plant

154
Q

Embryo transplants

A

split apart cells from developing animal embryo before specialised
transplant identical embryos to host mother

155
Q

Adult cell cloning

A

nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
nucleus from body cell inserted into egg
elec shock cause egg divide to form embryo cells
embryo contain same genetic info as skin cell
when embryo developed into ball of cells, inserted in womb to continue development

156
Q

Why GM crops

A

increased yields

157
Q

GE

A

genes from chromosomes removed using restriction enzymes

tranferred/inserted to cells of other organisms

158
Q

classification helps

A

to understand evolutionary and ecological relationships

159
Q

What new forms of genes result from mutation

A

rapid change in species if environment changes

160
Q

Fibre

A

help digestive system

161
Q

Water

A

transport dissolved substance

162
Q

What happens to excess energy

A

stored as fat

163
Q

Pro of exercise

A

use energy during and after, increase good cholesterol, decrease bad

164
Q

How metabolic change when cold

A

increase to use more energy to maintain body temp

165
Q

Cholesterol

A

waxy fat molecule essential to produce cell membrane and hormones

166
Q

Pathogen

A

microorganism cause disease

167
Q

Bacteria

A

small, single celled organisms that reproduce quickly

168
Q

Viruses

A

smaller than bacteria

169
Q

Diseases spread by

A

direct contact, impetigo
droplet infection, sneeze
contaminated food, salmonella and cholera
break through skin, skin is barrier which prevents pathogens preventing

170
Q

Why many not wash hands

A

troublesome
doctor’s fault
God’s punishment

171
Q

Primary defence

A

skin
lung, mucus
stomach, acid

172
Q

Eg of antibiotics

A

pennicilin

173
Q

Epidemic

A

strain cause large outbreak of disease in 1 country

174
Q

Nervous system

A

network of neurons in bundles called nerves

175
Q

Rooting powder

A

placed end of plant cutting, encourage root formation to grow new plant

176
Q

Weed killers

A

high dowse of growth hormone encourage uncontrolled growth in broad leaved plants (weed) which kills them
Narrow leaved like cereal crops not affected

177
Q

Effectiveness of prescribed and non drugs can only be measured in

A

double blind trials, some neutral or cause damage, some useful like StJohn’s WOrt

178
Q

Why take performance enhancing drugs

A

Win, try best
others use, left behind
health risks, their body, their choice
claim given by coaches without knowing

179
Q

Why ban performance enhance

A

extension of nutritional supplements
natural, not enhanced by artificial
health risks
expensive, advantage to rich

180
Q

Carnivores adaptations

A

teeth adapted to tear flesh and crush bones

eyes at front perception depth

181
Q

How aid reproduction in plants

A

berries, animals eat deposited in faeces
catch in wind, disperse reduce comp
stick to animals
float on water for long like coconuts

182
Q

Adaptaion

A

special feature make organims well suited to environment

183
Q

Living factors

A

predators

pathogen

184
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread like structures holding about 1000 genes made of DNA

185
Q

Gene

A

small sections of DNA which control a characteristic, by determining enzyme (proteins) made

186
Q

Tissue culture

A

collect small sample of plant cells, use sterile agar with plant hormones to grow large mass of identical cells
divide them into separate groups using diff mix of hormones, nutrients grow them into individual plants

187
Q

Uses of adult cell cloning

A

medicine
bring species from extinction
clone pets
produce babies for infertile

188
Q

Pros and cons of GE

A

resistant to pests, increase yields
extra vitamins to food prevent disease
healthy genes inserted to diseased

genes might pass to pests, resistant
designer babies
uncertain effect on health and food chain effects

189
Q

Cloning and GE diff

A

C produce exact copies
genes copied within same species
GE produce unique set of genes
can be swapped across species

190
Q

Evidence for Darwin

A

Fossils

191
Q

Classification

A

organisation of living things into groups, sim
largest kingdoms
smallest species

192
Q

How read evolutionary trees

A

closer species on tree, more recently share common ancestor

Biology (10 decks)

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