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B3 x Flashcards

1
Q

Dissolved substances move by

A

diffusion and at

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2
Q

Animal cell when burst and shrivel

A

outside dilute, water into cell

con, leave

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3
Q

What happen when water in and out of plant cell

A 
vacuole swell
push cyto against cell wall
water push back
prevent burst
cell swollen and turgid, high pressure

too con
lose rigid
wilt

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4
Q

Soft drinks

A

water

sugar ions

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5
Q

Sports

A 
sugar, replace used in energy release
water and ions replace in sweating
balance disturbed = cell not work efficiently
over 1h, water enough
orange squash replace glucose
milk more necessary components
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6
Q

O2 diffuse from

CO2

A

air to bloodstream

vice versa

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7
Q

Inhalation

A 
diaphragm  contracts (go down)
intercostal muscles contract
volume increase
decrease pressure below atmospheric, drawing air into lungs = ventilation
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8
Q

How increase SA leaves

A

flat shape

natural air spaces

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9
Q

Dehydrated

A

close stomata stop wilting

leaves collapse decrease SA

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10
Q

Potometer

A

show uptake water by plant change with diff conditons

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11
Q

Circulatory system

A

heart, blood, blood vessels

transport substances around body

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12
Q

Heart

A

organ, pumps blood around body

muscle tissues wall thicker on left as pump blood around body

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13
Q

Blood flow

A

enter atria, contract and flow
blood into ventricles, “ out of heart
valves - blood flow in correct direction

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14
Q

Coronary arteries

A

supply O2 and glucose

narrow as age

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15
Q

Double circulatory system

A

lung and body

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16
Q

Arteries

A

thick wall with muscle and elastic fibres
blood away from heart
small lumen to maintain high pressure
narrow and restrict blood flow

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17
Q

Veins

A

thinner, valves prevent backflow
blood to heart
large lumen, low pressure

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18
Q

Capillaries

A

very narrow thin walled blood vessels
substances needed by blood to tissue
prouduced, from tissues to blood through capillaries wall

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19
Q

Stent

A

metal mesh
balloon inflate vessel then flow
no general anaesthetic

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20
Q

Artificial hearts

A

no enough real, no rejection, no immunosuppressants

temporary, lots machinery, stay hospital, risk blood clot, kill

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21
Q

Perflurocarbons (PFCs)

A

non reactive chemicals carry dissolved gasses like O2
flow through squashed capillaries, RBC cannot go, no cells carry O2 anywhere, keep long, no disease
not carry as much O2 as normal more needed, not dissolve in water mix in emulsion diff, broken down quickly replaced, sever side effects

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22
Q

Haemoglobin subs

A

extracted, created synthetically, GE from bacteria
more O2 than normal, no frigde
broken down 20-30h, replaced, not clot/fight disease, sever side

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23
Q

Leaky valves

A

breathless, die. Ti and polymers
mechanical last long but medicine whole life to prevent clot
Biological, no medication, last 15 years

24
Q

Blood transfusion

A

replace lost

shortage donors, religious, limited time storage

25
Replace plasma with saline
O2 to no O2 replace vol, keep pressure temporary to by time
26
Blood
tissue | fluid has plasma (RBC, WBC, platelets suspended)
27
Plasma
yellowy liquid, most H2O tranports CO2 from organs to lungs soluble products of digestion from small to organs urea from liver to kidneys
28
RBC
``` O2 lungs to organs no nucleus red pigment (haema - purply red) lungs haema combine O" to oxyhaema - red low on O2 and other organs, oxy haema to haema and O2 biconcave disc shape ```
29
WBC
nuclues | less than RBC
30
Platelets
no nucleus | help blood clot - form mesh protein fibres, trap other blood cells and platelets to form scab
31
Xylem
water mineral ions dissolved in water roots to stem and leaves
32
pholem
dissolved sugars - sucrose from photo | from leaves to rest of plant for respiration, growing regions, storage organs like starch
33
Homeostasis
control of body's internal environment to provide constant condition despite external changes
34
Waste products have to be removed
CO2, respiration, breath out, from carbonic acid, lower pH, interfere enzyme, in 0.04% out 4% urea temp in bladder, poisonous
35
Healthy kidney prod urine by
filter blood reabsorb all sugar reabsorb dissolved ions and water needed by body release urea, excess ions and water as urine
36
Kidney failure causes
infection genes drugs accident salt and water balance upset
37
Dialysis
blood through partially permeable membrane fluid same con of substances as blood no urea, steep con, urea to fluid 8h, 2-3/week
38
Transplant
sim tisaue typ | rejection - immuno, diff antigens
39
Sweat
cool body | more water lost when hot
40
Hyper and hypothermia
too high | low
41
Too much and little glucose
hyperglycaemia | hypo
42
Type 1 diabete
pancrease not enough insulin | embyonic stem cells - etical
43
Type 2 diabetes
less responsive to insulin control by carb intake, lose weight, exercise drug decrease glucose absorption in gut, help pancreas make nisulin, help insulin work bettter
44
Why more pollution
rapid growth in pop increase standard of living more waste
45
Water pollution cause
landfill and industrial waste (sewage) to waterways to kill aquatic or disrupt food chain or eutrophication
46
How decrease air pollution
Cleaner cars: catalytic converters on exhausts, low emission regulations and sulphur fuels Scrubber in power station collect S before out which cause dimming
47
Land pollution cause
Landfills has toxic substances contaminate soil Industrial accidents eg Chenobyl, radioactivity weedkillers in soil build up in food chain, kill top predator
48
Biofuels
natural products produced by fermentation using yeast/bacteria
49
Biogas
mainly methane anae fermentaiton of wide range plant products/waste contain carb bacteria break down release flammable gas for heat cook elec scaled up prod elec for country exo started, woek in all temo = insulation no need fossil now use small scale indicidual homes
50
Sustainable food rpod
Fish stocks decrease, imp maintain of not extinct Com-ost heap - maintain nutrient levels soil for growth Fish stocks Fungus Fusarium prod mycoprotein, grown with glucose syrup in aerobic conditions, biomass harvest and purified grown cheaply use waste syrup form other processes double mass/5h prod large sustainable food source high protein low fat
51
Biogas generator
temp and pH monitor - change conditions to optimise growth pressure release valve nutrients for rapid growth for mycoprotein and ammonia
52
What adapted to max effectivness
Gas and solute exchange surfaces in humans and other organisms
53
What increase diff of exchanging materiasl
size | complexity
54
Thorax abdomen
upper part and lower of body
55
Imp factor in removing CO2 from atmosphere
sequester in lakes, oceans, ponds

Biology (10 decks)

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