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Biology > B1 - Cell Structure And Transport > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Structure And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Living things are all made up of ________.

A

Cells.

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2
Q

1 KM = 1,000_.

A

M.

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3
Q

1M = 100__.

A

CM.

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4
Q

1MM = 1000__.

A

uM.

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5
Q

1uM = 1,000__.

A

NM.

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6
Q

When were the first Light Microscopes developed?

A

Mid-Seventeenth Century.

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7
Q

What do Light Microscopes magnify up to?

A

About x2,000.

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8
Q

What is a Light Microscope’s resolving power?

A

Around 200NM.

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9
Q

What do Electron Microscopes magnify up to?

A

Around x2,000,000.

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10
Q

What do Electron Microscopes have a resolving power of?

A

Around 0.2NM.

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11
Q

Which Formula do you use to calculate Magnification?

A

Magnification = Size Of Object / Size Of Real Object.

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12
Q

Resolution is the Ability to distinguish between two separate _________ and it is the Resolving _______ of a Microscope that affects how much Detail it can show.

A

Points…Power…

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13
Q

Cells that make up your Body are typical ________ Cells.

A

Animal.

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14
Q

How big is the average Animal Cell in uM?

A

10-30uM.

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15
Q

Human Beings are Animals, so Human ______ are just like most other Animal Cells.

A

Cells.

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16
Q

What does the Nucleus do?

A

It controls all the activities of a Cell and is surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane.

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17
Q

What does the Nucleus contain?

A

It contains the Genes on the Chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the Proteins needed to build New Cells or Organisms.

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18
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

A Liquid Gel in which the Organelles are suspended and where most of the Chemical Reactions needed for making Life take place.

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19
Q

What does the Cell Membrane do?

A

It controls the passage of Substances such as Glucose and Mineral Ions into the Cell. It also controls the Movement of Substances out of the Cell, like Hormones.

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20
Q

What does the Mitochondria do?

A

It structures in the Cytoplasm where Aerobic Respiration takes place, releasing Energy for the Cell.

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21
Q

What is the Function of a Ribosome?

A

The Ribosomes is where Protein Synthesis takes place, making all the Proteins needed in a Cell.

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22
Q

What are the Five Common Features of an Animal Cell?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Cell Membrane and Ribosomes.

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23
Q

Plants make their own Food by _________________.

A

Photosynthesis.

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24
Q

How large are Animals Cells in uM?

A

10-100uM.

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25
Q

Algae are simple Aquatic ___________.

A

Organisms.

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26
Q

All Plant and Algal Cells have a Cell ____ made of Cellulose that Strengthens the _____ and gives it support.

A

Wall…Cell…

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27
Q

What are found in all Green Parts of a Plant?

A

Chloroplasts.

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28
Q

What Green Substance do Chloroplasts contain?

A

Chlorophyll.

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29
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs _______ so the Plant can make Food by _________________.

A

Light…Photosynthesis…

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30
Q

A Permanent ________ is a Space in the Cytoplasm filled with Cell Sap which is important for keeping the Cell Rigid, which supports the _______.

A

Vacuole…Plant…

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31
Q

Root _____ do not have ______________ because they are underground and do not _______________.

A

Cells…Chloroplasts…Photosynthesise…

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32
Q

Animal and Plant Cells are examples of _____________ Cells.

A

Eukaryotic.

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33
Q

Eukaryotic Cells all have a Cell ___________, Cytoplasm and Genetic Material that is enclosed in the _________.

A

Membrane…Nucleus…

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34
Q

Genetic Material is a Chemical called ____.

A

DNA.

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35
Q

DNA forms Structures called _______________ that are contained within the Nucleus.

A

Chromosomes.

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36
Q

All Animals, Plants, Fungi and Protista are _____________.

A

Eukaryotes.

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37
Q

Bacteria are Single-Celled living ______________.

A

Organisms.

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38
Q

All Bacteria are ____________.

A

Prokaryotes.

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39
Q

Prokaryotic Cells (___________) have a Cytoplasm and _____ Membrane surrounded by a Cell _____.

A

Bacteria…Cell…Wall…

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40
Q

The Cell Wall of _____________ Cells (Bacteria) does not contain the Cellulose you see in _______ Cells.

A

Prokaryotic…Plant…

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41
Q

In Prokaryotic Cells, the Genetic __________ is not enclosed in a _________.

A

Material…Nucleus…

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42
Q

The Bacterial Chromosome is a Single ____ Loop found free in the Cytoplasm.

A

DNA.

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43
Q

Prokaryotic Cells (__________) may also contain extra small rings of ____ known as Plasmids.

A

Bacteria…DNA…

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44
Q

Plasmids Code for very specific Features such as Antibiotic _____________.

A

Resistance.

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45
Q

Some Bacteria have a protected Slime Capsule around the outside of the Cell _____.

A

Wall.

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46
Q

Some types of Bacteria have a long Protein strand that hangs out of the back called __________.

A

Flagella.

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47
Q

Types of Bacteria that have __________ use it to move around easily.

A

Flagella.

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48
Q

Bacteria can decompose and destroy stored _____.

A

Food.

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49
Q

Single Cells can carry out all the Functions of _____.

A

Life.

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50
Q

Some Cells become specialised to carry out particular _____.

A

Jobs.

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51
Q

As an Organism develops, Cells Differentiate to form different types of _____________ Cells.

A

Specialised.

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52
Q

Most Types of Animal Cells ________________ at an early Stage of Development.

A

Differentiate.

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53
Q

Many Types of _______ Cells retain the Ability to Differentiate throughout _____.

A

Plant…Life…

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54
Q

As a Cell Differentiates, it gets different Sub-Cellular ____________ that then enable it to carry out a particular Function.

A

Structures.

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55
Q

Some Specialised Cells work _______________.

A

Individually.

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56
Q

What are the examples of Specialised Cells that work Individually?

A

Sperm and Egg Cells.

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57
Q

Some Specialised _____ are adapted to work as part of a Tissue, an ______ or a Whole Organism.

A

Cells…Organ…

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58
Q

Nerves ______ are Specialised to carry Electrical ____________ around the Body of an Animal.

A

Cells…Impulses…

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59
Q

Nerve Cells provide a rapid Communication ________ between the different parts of the _____.

A

System…Body…

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60
Q

Nerve Cells have lots of ___________ to make connections to other Nerve Cells.

A

Dendrites.

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61
Q

Nerve Cells have an Axon that carries the Nerve _________ from one place to another.

A

Impulse.

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62
Q

Nerve endings or ____________ are adapted to pass the Impulses to another _____, or between a Nerve Cell and a Muscle Cell in the Body using Special Transmitter ____________.

A

Synapses…Cell…Chemicals…

63
Q

Synapses contain lots of Mitochondria to provide the Energy needed to make the Transmitter ___________.

A

Chemicals.

64
Q

Muscle Cells are Specialised _______ that can _________ and Relax.

A

Cells…Contract…

65
Q

Striated (________) Muscle ______ work together in Tissues called Muscles.

A

Striped…Cells…

66
Q

What are the Three Main Adaptations of Striated Muscle Cells?

A

They contain Special Proteins, they contain many Mitochondria and they can store Glycogen.

67
Q

Sperm Cells are usually released a long way from the ___ they are going to Fertilise.

A

Egg.

68
Q

Sperm Cells contain Genetic ___________ from the _____ Parent.

A

Information…Male…

69
Q

Sperm Cells sometimes need to move through Water or the Female Reproductive ________ to reach an ___.

A

System…Egg…

70
Q

What are the Four Adaptations of Sperm Cells?

A

A Long Tail, the Middle section being full of Mitochondria, the Acrosome which stores Digestive Enzymes and a Large Nucleus containing all the Genetic Information.

71
Q

Where do you find Root Hair Cells?

A

Close to the tips of Growing Roots.

72
Q

Plants need to take in lots of ________ (and Dissolved Mineral Ions).

A

Water.

73
Q

What do Root Hair Cells help Plants do?

A

To take up Water and Mineral Ions more efficiently.

74
Q

Root Hair Cells are always very close to the _______ Tissue.

A

Xylem.

75
Q

What does the Xylem Tissue carry?

A

Water and Mineral Ions up into the rest of the Plant.

76
Q

Mineral ____ are moved into the Root Hair Cell by Active ________.

A

Ions…Transport…

77
Q

Root Hair Cells increase the Surface _____ for Water to move into the _____.

A

Area…Cell…

78
Q

Root Hair Cells have a Large Permanent _________ that speeds up the movement of _______ by Osmosis from the Soil across the Root _____ Cell.

A

Vacuole…Water…Hair…

79
Q

Root Hair Cells have many Mitochondria that transfer the _______ needed for the Active Transport of __________ Ions into the _____ Hair Cells.

A

Energy…Mineral…Root…

80
Q

Plants can make their own Food by _______________.

A

Photosynthesis.

81
Q

Photosynthetic Cells are _______ Cells that can carry out Photosynthesis.

A

Plant.

82
Q

Photosynthetic Cells contain Specialised _______ Structures called Chloroplasts containing ______________ that trap the Light needed for Photosynthesis.

A

Green…Chlorophyll…

83
Q

Photosynthetic Cells are usually positioned in continuous layers in the ________ and outer layers of the Stem of a ________ so they absorb as much Light as possible.

A

Leaves…Plant…

84
Q

Photosynthetic Cells have a Large Permanent _________ that helps keep the ______ rigid as a result of Osmosis.

A

Vacuole…Cell…

85
Q

Xylem is the Transport ________ in Plants that carries Water and Mineral _____ from the Roots to the Highest Leaves and Shoots.

A

Tissues…Ions…

86
Q

The Xylem is important in supporting the _______.

A

Plant.

87
Q

The Xylem is made up of Xylem ______.

A

Cells.

88
Q

Xylem Cells are alive when they are first formed but a Special Chemical called ________ builds up in spirals in the Cell ______.

A

Lignin…Walls…

89
Q

When Xylem Cells die, they form long hollow Tubes that allow Water and __________ Ions to move easily through them, from one end of the ________ to another.

A

Mineral…Plant…

90
Q

The Spirals and rings of ________ in the Xylem Cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of _______ moving up the Plant.

A

Lignin…Water…

91
Q

Phloem is the Specialised Transport _______ that carries Food made by __________________ around the Body of the Plant.

A

Tissue…Photosynthesis…

92
Q

It is made up of Phloem _______ that form Tubes rather like Xylem Cells, but Phloem Cells do not become ____________ and Die.

A

Cells…Lignified…

93
Q

The Dissolved Food from ________ Cells can move up and down the Phloem ______ to where it is needed.

A

Phloem…Tubes…

94
Q

The Cell Walls between the Cells break down to form Special Sieve ________, which allow _______ carrying Dissolved Food to move more freely up and down the Tubes to where it is needed.

A

Plates…Water…

95
Q

Phloem Cells lose a lot of their Internal ___________ but they are supported by companion Cells that help to keep them alive.

A

Structures.

96
Q

The Mitochondria of the _____________ Cells (in Phloem Cells) transfer the Energy needed to move _____________ Food up and down the _______ in Phloem.

A

Companion…Dissolved…Plant…

97
Q

Your Cells need to take in Substances such as _________ and Oxygen for Respiration.

A

Glucose.

98
Q

Cells need to get rid of Waste Products and ___________ that are needed elsewhere in the Body.

A

Chemicals.

99
Q

Dissolved Substances and _______ can move into and out of your Cells across the Cell ___________.

A

Gases…Membrane…

100
Q

What are one of the Main Ways in which Cells move?

A

Through Diffusion.

101
Q

Diffusion is the spreading out of ____________ of a Gas or of any Substance in ___________ (a Solute).

A

Particles…Solution…

102
Q

Diffusion results in the Net Movement (overall ___________) of Particles.

A

Movement.

103
Q

The Net Movement of Diffusion is from an Area of ____ Concentration to an Area of Low _______________.

A

High…Concentration…

104
Q

Diffusion takes place because of the Random __________ of the Particles (Molecules or _____).

A

Movement…Ions…

105
Q

The ________ of Particles during ___________ causes them to bump into each other, and this moves them all around.

A

Motion…Diffusion…

106
Q

If there is a Big Difference in _______________ between Two Areas, ___________ will take place quickly.

A

Concentration…Diffusion…

107
Q

If there is only a Small Difference in ________________ between Two Areas, the ____ Movement by Diffusion will be quite slow.

A

Concentration…Net…

108
Q

What is an Equation for Diffusion?

A

Net Movement = Particles Moving In - Particles Moving Out.

109
Q

The Greater the Difference in _______________, the ________ the Rate of Diffusion.

A

Concentration…Faster…

110
Q

The Difference between Two Areas of Concentration is called the:

A

Concentration Gradient.

111
Q

What affects the Rate of Diffusion?

A

Temperature.

112
Q

With Diffusion, an Increase in Temperature means the Particles in a ____ or a Solution move around more ___________.

A

Gas…Quickly…

113
Q

An Increase in Temperature means Diffusion takes place more rapidly as Random __________ of the Particles speed up.

A

Movement.

114
Q

Dissolved Substances move into and out of your ______ by Diffusion across the Cell ___________.

A

Cells…Membrane…

115
Q

In Diffusion, what are examples of Dissolved Substances?

A

Simple Sugars (Glucose), Gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) and Waste Products (Urea).

116
Q

The Urea passes from the Liver ______ into the Blood _______ and is excreted by the Kidneys.

A

Cells…Plasma…

117
Q

Oxygen you need for Respiration passes from the ____ in your Lungs into the your Red ________ Cells through the Cell Membranes by ____________.

A

Air…Blood…Diffusion…

118
Q

During Diffusion, ___________ moves down a Concentration Gradient from a Region of _____ Oxygen Concentration to a Region of Low __________ Concentration.

A

Oxygen…High…Oxygen…

119
Q

Oxygen moves by Diffusion down a Concentration _________ from the Blood _______ into the Cells of the Body where it is needed.

A

Gradient…Cells…

120
Q

Individual _______ may be adapted to make Diffusion easier and more rapid.

A

Cells.

121
Q

What is the Most Common Adaptation of Individual Cells in Diffusion?

A

To Increase the Surface Area of the Cell Membrane.

122
Q

Membranes that only let some Types of Particles through are called Partially Permeable ___________.

A

Membranes.

123
Q

Partially Permeable _____ Membranes let _______ move across them.

A

Cell…Water…

124
Q

A Dilute Solution of _______ contains a High Concentration of _______ (the Solvent). It has a Low _______________ of Sugar (the _________).

A

Sugar…Water…Concentration…Solvent…

125
Q

A Concentrated ______ Solution contains a Relatively ____ Concentration of Water and a High _______________ of Sugar.

A

Sugar…Low…Concentration…

126
Q

The Cytoplasm of a _____ is made up of Chemicals Dissolved in Water inside a ____________ Permeable Cell Membrane.

A

Cell…Partially…

127
Q

The Cytoplasm contains a fairly _______________ Solution of Salts and ________.

A

Concentrated…Sugars…

128
Q

Water moves from a ______ Solution (with a High Concentration of Water _____________) to a Concentrated Solution (with fewer Water Molecules in a given ________) across the Membrane of the Cell.

A

Dilute…Molecules…Volume…

129
Q

What is the Special Type of Diffusion where Water only moves across a Partially Permeable Membrane from a Dilute Solution to a Concentrated Solution?

A

Osmosis.

130
Q

Concentration of Solutes inside your Body _______ need to stay at the same ________ for them to work.

A

Cells…Level…

131
Q

If the Concentration of __________ in the Solution outside the Cell is the SAME as the __________ Concentration, the Solution is Isotonic to the _____.

A

Solutes…Internal…Cell…

132
Q

If the Concentration of Solutes in the Solution outside the _____ is HIGHER than the Internal _______________, the __________ is Hypertonic to the Cell.

A

Cell…Concentration…Solution…

133
Q

If the Concentration of Solutes in the __________ outside the Cell is LOWER than the __________ Condition, the Solution is Hypertonic to the _____.

A

Solution…Internal…Cell…

134
Q

If a Cell uses up ______ in its Chemical Reactions, the Cytoplasm becomes more _____________.

A

Water…Concentrated…

135
Q

Animal Cells can be damaged if the _______________ outside the ______ changes dramatically.

A

Concentration…Cell…

136
Q

Plants rely on Osmosis to support their Stems and ________.

A

Leaves.

137
Q

Water moves into Plant Cells by __________.

A

Osmosis.

138
Q

How does Pressure build through Osmosis in Plants?

A

The Vacuole swells, which makes the Cytoplasm press against the Plant Cell Wall.

139
Q

Pressure in Plant Cell Osmosis builds until there is no more _______ that can enter the Cell. This pressure is known as _______.

A

Water…Turgor…

140
Q

Turgor Pressure makes the Cell hard and ______, which keeps the Leaves and Stems of the Plant rigid and _____.

A

Rigid…Firm…

141
Q

If more Water is lost by __________, the Vacuole and ____________ shrink and the Cell Membrane pulls away from the Cell. This is known as _____________.

A

Osmosis…Cytoplasm…Plasmolysis…

142
Q

What can you use to Measure Osmosis in Plant Cells?

A

Osmometer.

143
Q

What are the Two Ways Cells move Substances?

A

Diffusion and Active Transport.

144
Q

Active __________ allows Cells to move Substances from an _____ of Low Concentration to an Area of _____ Concentration. This movement is ____________ the Concentration Gradient.

A

Transport…Area…High…Against…

145
Q

Active Transport also helps Cells to move _______________ from one Place to another through the Cell __________.

A

Substances…Membrane…

146
Q

If a Cell Respires and releases a lot of ________, it can carry out lots of Active __________.

A

Energy…Transport…

147
Q

Active Transport is widely used in ______.

A

Cells.

148
Q

By using _______ Transport, Plants can Absorb certain Mineral _____.

A

Active…Ions…

149
Q

Single-Celled ____________ have a relatively Large Surface _____ to Volume ______.

A

Organisms…Area…Ratio…

150
Q

As Living Organisms get ________, their __________ Area to Volume Ratio gets Smaller.

A

Bigger…Surface…

151
Q

What are the Four Adaptations for Exchanging Materials?

A

Having a Large Surface Area, Having a Thin Membrane, Having an Efficient Blood Supply, and being Ventilated.

152
Q

Air is moved in and out of your ______ when you Breathe, Ventilating millions of tiny Air sacs called __________.

A

Lungs…Alveoli…

153
Q

What is an Example of an Adaptation of a Fish?

A

They have Gills.

Biology (18 decks)

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