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Biology > B13 - Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

B13 - Variation And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

The Basic Characteristics of EVERY Individual are the result of the Genes that have Inherited from their __________.

A

Parents.

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2
Q

What are Features of Inherited Genetic Information from Parents?

A
  • Eye Colour
  • Nose Shape
  • Sex
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3
Q

Some Differences between People are due to the ______________.

A

Environment.

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4
Q

What is Genetic Variation known as?

A

Nature.

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5
Q

What is Environmental Variation known as?

A

Nurture.

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6
Q

Examples or Environmental Variation?

A
  • Accent
  • Skin Colour
  • Hair Colour
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7
Q

Examples of Environmental AND Genetic Variation?

A
  • Height

- Weight

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8
Q

What is Mutation?

A

A change in the DNA Code.

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9
Q

Mutations can take place whenever Cells _________.

A

Divide.

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10
Q

Many Mutations have NO EFFECT on the ______________ of an Organism.

A

Phenotype.

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11
Q

Some Mutations are SO HARMFUL that the Organism doesn’t __________.

A

Survive.

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12
Q

The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection states that ALL Species or Living Things have ____________ from Simple Life Forms that First Developed more than 3 __________ Years Ago.

A

Evolved…Billion…

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13
Q

Evolution through Natural Selection produces Changes in the Inherited Characteristics of a Population over-time, that result in Organisms that are well-suited to their _________________.

A

Environment.

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14
Q

What are Variants?

A

Changes in Genes.

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15
Q

Individual Organisms within a Particular Species show a Wide Range of _____________ and Genetic Variation.

A

Phenotype.

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16
Q

Individuals with Characteristics most-suited to the _________________ are more likely to Survive to Breed successfully.

A

Environment.

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17
Q

The Alleles (Variants) that have Enabled Individuals to _________ are passed onto the next Generation.

A

Survive.

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18
Q

If Two Populations of One Species become so different they can no longer ________________ to Produce Fertile Offspring, they have formed Two New Species.

A

Interbreed.

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19
Q

When new Variants arise from a ____________, there may be a Relatively Rapid Change in a Species.

A

Mutation.

20
Q

If Mutation gives an Organism an _____________ in the Changed Environment, making it more likely to Survive and Breed in the New Conditions, the New Allele will become common quite quickly.

A

Advantage.

21
Q

What are the Key Steps in Natural Selection?

A

Mutation Of A Gene –> Advantage To Survive –> Breed –> Pass On Genes

22
Q

You can Change Animals and Plants by _______________ Selecting which Members of a Group you want to Breed.

A

Artificially.

23
Q

What are Examples of Desired Characteristics in Selective Breeding?

A
  • Disease Resistant.

- Increased Food Production.

24
Q

Genetic Manipulation by Selective _____________ has Resulted in Animals and Plants with Strange Combinations of ________.

A

Breeding…Genes…

25
Q

Selective Breeding reduces the Number of ___________ in the Population.

A

Alleles.

26
Q

Inbreeding is where some Breeding Populations are so closely Bred that there is Little ______________, which causes certain Disease or Inherited _________.

A

Variation…Defects…

27
Q

Genetic Engineering involves Changing the Genetic ___________ of an Organism.

A

Material.

28
Q

What is involved with Genetic Engineering?

A

The Gene for a Desirable Characteristic is cut out of one Organism and Transferred to the Genetic Materials in the Cells of another Organism.

29
Q

Genetically Engineered Bacteria can be used on a Large Scale to make Quantities of Protein from other Organisms, such as:

A
  • Human Insulin.

- Human Growth Hormones.

30
Q

There is a Limit to the ___________ that Bacteria can make.

A

Proteins.

31
Q

Crops that have had their Genes Modified by Genetic Engineering Techniques are known as ______________ ____________ Crops (GM Crops).

A

Genetically Modified.

32
Q

Genetically Modified Crops (___ _____) often show Increased Yields.

A

GM Crops.

33
Q

GM Crops often have Improved _______________ to Insect Attack or Herbicides.

A

Resistance.

34
Q

Increasing Crop Yields is Extremely Important in Providing Food __________ for the World’s Human Population.

A

Security.

35
Q

Potatoes have been Genetically Modified to make more __________.

A

Starch.

36
Q

Sometimes, _______________ ____________ (GM) Crops contain Genes from a Completely Different __________.

A

Genetically Modified…Species…

37
Q

Genetic Engineering could possibly help Cure Inherited Human ____________.

A

Disorders.

38
Q

There are Benefits and Risks associated with Genetic Engineering in Agriculture and _____________.

A

Medicine.

39
Q

Genetically Engineered Micro-Organisms can make the Proteins Humans need in Large _____________ and in a very Pure Form.

A

Quantities.

40
Q

Scientists can Genetically Modify Mice so they Mimic Human ___________. These are useful to Developing Cures for Conditions ranging from Cancer to Diabetes.

A

Diseases.

41
Q

What are the Main Advantages of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture?

A
  • Improved Growth Rates of Plants and Animals.
  • Increased Food-Value of Crops.
  • Crops can be Designed to Adapt to their Climate.
42
Q

Some People have _________ Objections to Genetic Engineering.

A

Ethical.

43
Q

Some People are Concerned about Eating Genetically Modified Food on Human _________.

A

Health.

44
Q

Genes from Genetically Modified Plants and Animals might spread into the ____________ of the Countryside, which is a Serious Concern.

A

Wildlife.

45
Q

People may want to Manipulate the Genes of their Future Children to make sure they are born __________, but the Concern is that we could get carried away and Produce ‘Designer’ Babies with High ________________ or Good Looks.

A

Healthy…Intelligence…

Biology (18 decks)

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