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Biology > B1 Cell structure & Transport > Flashcards

B1 Cell structure & Transport Flashcards

Year Nine (110 cards)

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1
Q

What are the parts of the label?

A

Search on Google.

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2
Q

What is the first step of using a microscope safely?

A

Hold by the arm and the base.

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3
Q

What is the second step of using a microscope safely?

A

Plug the plug into the socket, so that the light source will turn on.

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What are the parts of a microscope?

A

Go on google and name them label.

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6
Q

What is the first step on safely using a microscope?

A

Hold by the arm and the base.

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7
Q

What is the second step of using a microscope safely?

A

Plug the plug into the socket, so the light source will turn on.

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8
Q

What is the third step of using a microscope safely?

A

Raise the stage to the highest.

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9
Q

What is the fourth step of using a microscope safely?

A

Turn the objective lens to the shortest.

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10
Q

What is the fifth step of using a microscope safely?

A

Put the sample into the glass slide, and move the sample into the centre by using the knobs for the cover slips, so the light shows.

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11
Q

What is the sixth step of using a microscope safely?

A

Increase the magnification gradually.

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12
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

The ability to distinguish between 2 separate points.

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13
Q

What is the difference between between an electron microscope and a light microscope?

A

Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolving power this is why they have an increased understanding of organelles.

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is resolving power/ resolution?

A

A measure of ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together.

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16
Q

What is a microscope?

A

An instrument to serve small objects.

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17
Q

What are the parts of a microscope and where are they located?

A

Google a labelled microscope.

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18
Q

What js the first step on using a microscope safely?

A

Hold by the arm and the base.

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19
Q

What is the second step on using a microscope safely?

A

Plug the plug into the socket, so the light source will turn on.

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20
Q

What is the third step of using a microscope properly?

A

Raise the stage to the highest.

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21
Q

What is the fourth step of using a microscope safely?

A

Turn the objective lens to the shortest objective.

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22
Q

What is the fifth stage of using a microscope safely?

A

Put the sample into the glass slide and move the sample into the centre by using the knobs for the cover slips, sl that the light shows.

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23
Q

What is the difference between electron microscopes and light microscopes?

A

Higher magnification and resolution power which is why electrons microscopes can understand organelles more.

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24
Q

What is the sixth step of using a microscope safely?

A

Increase the magnification gradually.

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25
What is the equation of magnification?
Magnification= Image size / real size of specimen.
26
What is the equation for image size?
Magneification x Actual size= Image size.
27
What is the equation of actual size?
Image size/magneifcation
28
What is a stain?
A chemical used to make something more visible down a microscope.
29
What is an organelle?
Sub-cellular structures e.g. mitochondria.
30
What does specific mean?
Clearly defined or identified.
31
What are the main animal cell organelles?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
32
What does a nucleus of a cell contain?
The DNA (genetic makeup) of an organism.
33
What is the function of a nucleus in a cell?
Controls the cell’s activities.
34
What happens in the cytoplasm of an cell?
Where most chemical reaction happens.
35
What is the name of the liquid in an cell that takes up the most space?
Cytoplasm
36
What is the cell membrane?
A flexible outer layer that surrounds the cell.
37
What is the purpose of a cell membrane in a cell?
Controls what goes in and out of the cell.
38
What is the mitochondria?
Tiny parts of a cell floating in the cell’s cytoplasm.
39
What is the function of mitochondria in ae cell?
Where respiration happens and releases energy made from the glucose in food.
40
What is the function of ribosomes in an animal cell?
Synthesises (produces) proteins.
41
What are the organelles of a plant cell?
Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts, nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane
42
What is a cell wall?
A tough outer layer of a cell?
43
What does cell walls contain?
Cellulose to provide strength and support to the plant.
44
What is the vacuole?
A space inside the cytoplasm that contains a watery liquid called cell sap.
45
What does a vacuole do?
Keeps the cell firm.
46
What is a chloroplast?
Structures found in green parts of cells only (leaves and stems).
47
What do chloroplasts contain?
A green pigment called chlorophyll which a shirts light for photosynthesis.
48
What organelles do plant cells have that animals don’t?
Chloroplasts, vacuoles and cell walls.
49
What is a eukaryote?
Organisms that have cells contains a nucleus.
50
What are some examples of eukaryotes?
Animals, plants and fungi.
51
What are prokaryotes?
Single celled organisms.
52
What organelle do prokaryotes NOT contain?
Nucleus
53
If prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, where are their DNA contained?
The DNA is found in an organelle called plasmids which are circular and found free in the cytoplasm.
54
What is an example of a prokaryotes?
Bacteria’s, some of them have a slime capsule around them.
55
What type of organelles do eukaryotes have?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria.
56
What prokaryotic cells contain?
Cytoplasm and ribosomes.
57
What does differentiate mean?
The process where cells become specialised for a particular function.
58
What does specialised mean?
To provide a specific function.
59
What do all animal cells develop from?
One initial cell through cell division.
60
What are unspecialised cells called?
A stem cell.
61
What happens when a cell becomes specialised?
It loses the ability to become a different kind of cell.
62
What are four examples of specialised cells in animals?
Nerve cells, muscle cells, red blood cells, and sperm cells.
63
Why do cells differentiate?
To perform specific functions within a tissue or organ.
64
What is the function of a nerve cell?
To receive and transmit messages between the body and the brain. These messages are send by a weak electric current.
65
What are special features of a nerve cell?
Long axon, dendrites, and synapses to transmit electrical impulses.
66
What is the function of a male gamete cell?
To fertilise the female gamete cell.
67
What are special features of a male gamete cell?
Tail (flagellum) for movement, lots of mitochondria for energy, enzymes in head to digest egg membrane.
68
What are cilliated epithelium cells?
Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it.
69
What is the function of a ciliated epithelial cell?
Helps move particles out of the body, especially mucus with trapped dust or microbes.
70
What are special features of a ciliated epithelial cell?
Tiny hair-like structures (cilia) that sweep substances along.
71
What is the function of a muscle cell?
Contracts and relaxes muscles to allow movement.
72
What are special features of a muscle cell?
Can contract, contains protein fibres and lots of mitochondria for energy.
73
What is the function of a red blood cell?
Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body.
74
What are special features of a red blood cell?
Contains haemoglobin, no nucleus, biconcave shape to increase surface area.
75
Where are nerve cells found in the body?
In the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the nervous system.
76
Where are make gametes found?
Produced in tests (im not going to add the e otherwise im gonna get safeguarded) and they travel through the male reproductive system.
77
Where are ciliated epithelial cells found in the body?
In the lining of the respiratory tract (like the trachea and bronchi), and also in parts of the female reproductive system (like the fallopian tubes).
78
Where are muscle cells found in the body?
In muscles all over the body—skeletal muscles, heart (cardiac muscle), and walls of internal organs (smooth muscle).
79
Where are red blood cells found in the body?
In the blood, circulating through the entire body via blood vessels.
80
What does structure mean?
Organisation of different parts within something complex.
81
What do plants contain?
Specialised cells that carry out specific functions in a plant.
82
What are the specialised cells in a plant?
Xylem, phloem, root hair cell and photosynthetic cells.
83
What are xylem cells?
Hollow tubes that allow for fast movement of water, help transport water from roots to leaves.
84
What does the phloem cell do?
Transports sugars and other organic substances produced by photosynthesis.
85
What do root hair cells have?
Increased surface area and increased amounts of mitochondria, hairs to increase surface area and vacuoles to speed movement of water
86
What does the root hair cell do?
Absorb water and minerals from the soil.
87
What do photosynthetic cells have?
Many layers to absorb light and a lot of chloroplast to absorb light.
88
What do plants do?
Photosynthesise.
89
What do xylem cells contain?
One-way system, tube-like structures, hollow tubes to allow fast movement of water, narrow system and no end walls.
90
What do phloem cells contain?
Long, restricted cytoplasm and it is arranged vertically to make little sieves (these are called sieves plates)
91
What does diffusion mean?
The movement of particles from a high concentration and low concentration down the concentration gradient.
92
What is a solution?
A liquid mixture made out of solute dissolved in a solvent.
93
What is osmosis?
The movement of WATER particles from an area of high concentration through an area low concentration (down the conc gradient) through a partially impermeable membrane.
94
What is a partially impermeable membrane?
A membrane that allows some types of particles through a cell.
95
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that is more concentrated than the cell's contents (more solutes, less water).
96
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink. This is called crenation.
97
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell.
98
What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
Water moves in and out equally, so the cell stays the same size.
99
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that is less concentrated than the cell’s contents (fewer solutes, more water).
100
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.
101
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved in a liquid to form a solution. E.g. salt in saltwater
102
What is a solvent?
The liquid that dissolves the solute to make a solution. E.g.: Water in saltwater.
103
What is ATP?
A high-energy molecule found in every cell. It stores and supplies energy to the cell.
104
What is the job of ATP?
To store and supply the cell with needed energy.
105
What are mitochondria?
Organelles in the cell where ATP is made during respiration.
106
What is active transport?
The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated one—against the concentration gradient (low concentration to high concentration)
107
Does active transport require energy?
Yes! It needs energy from respiration (ATP)
108
How do plant roots use active transport?
To absorb mineral ions from very dilute solutions in the soil.
109
Why do plants need mineral ions?
For healthy growth.
110
How is active transport used in the human gut?
To absorb sugar molecules from low concentrations in the gut into the blood.

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