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Biology GCSE > B1 KEY CONCEPTS > Flashcards

B1 KEY CONCEPTS Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What is magnification

A

The number of times bigger something appears under a microscope

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2
Q

What is the eyepiece lens

A

The lens on a microscope that you look through

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3
Q

What is the objective lens

A

The lens at the bottom of a microscope. There are normally three you can choose from

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4
Q

What is total magnification

A

Eyepiece lens x objective lens

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5
Q

What is resolution

A

The smallest distance between two points did so that they can still be seen as two separate points

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6
Q

What are stains

A

Dyes added to microscopes slides to show the details more clearly.

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7
Q

What’s a milli

A

Thousandth, 1x10-3

a millimetre is a thousandth of a metre

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8
Q

What is a micro

A

Millionth, 1x10-6

A micrometre is a millionth of a metre

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9
Q

What is a nano

A

Billionth, 1x10-9

A nanometre is a billionth if a metre

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10
Q

What is a pico

A

Trillionth, 1x10-12

A picometre is a trillionth of a metre

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11
Q

Cell

A

The basics structural unit of all living things (the building blocks of life)

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12
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes 
Mitochondria 
Cell wall 
Permanent vacuole 
Chloroplasts
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13
Q

Parts of a plant cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes 
Mitochondria 
Cell wall 
Permanent vacuole 
Chloroplasts
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14
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leave the cell

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA and controls the cell

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Produces protein

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy by aerobic respiration

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19
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects and supports the cell

Made of cellulose

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20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Store sap and helps to support the cell

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis happens

Contains chlorophyll

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22
Q

Micrograph

A

A picture produced by a microscope

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23
Q

Light microscopes

A

A microscope that uses light can magnify up to 1500 times

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24
Q

Electron microscope

A

A microscope that uses electrons to produce an image can magnify up to 1000000 times

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25
Actual size of cell
Actual size= measured size: magnification
26
Convert mm to um
Micrometers (um) = millimetres (mm) x 1000
27
Small intestine
Job- to absorb small food molecules produced during digestion Adaptations - tiny folds called microvilli that increase their surface area
28
Sperm cell
Job- fertilise an egg and deliver male DNA Adaptations- a tail to swim mitochondria to give energy for swimming. An acrosome to break through the eggs jelly coat , haploid nucleus with only half the total DNA
29
Egg cell
Job- to be fertilised by a sperm and then develop an embryo Adaptations- jelly coat to protect the cell many mitochondria and nutrients to provide energy for growth haploid nucleus with only half the total DNA
30
Ciliated epithelial cell
Job- to clear mucus out of your lungs Adaptations- small hairs on the surface called cilia which wave to sweep mucus along
31
Parts of a bacterial cell
All bacteria - cell memebrane, cell wall , cytoplasm , ribosomes , chromosomal DNA , plasmid DNA Some bacteria - flagellum
32
Chromosomal DNA
Large piece of DNA containing most genes
33
Plasmid DNA
Small loops of DNA containing a few genes
34
Flagellum
A tail used for movement
35
Eukaryotic cells
Cells with a nucleus
36
Prokaryotic cells
Cell without a nucleus
37
Digestion
Breaking large food molecules down into ones small enough to absorbed by the small instestine
38
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up
39
Enzyme
A protein that works as a catalyst to speed up the reactions in our cells
40
Digestive enzymes
Enzymes that break large food molecules down into smaller ones
41
Amylase
Where found- saliva Small intestine What it does- breaks down starch into simple sugars such as maltose
42
Lipase
Where found - small intestine What it does- breaks down proteins into amino acids
43
Protease
Where found- stomach Small intestine What it does- breaks down proteins into amino acids
44
Substrate
The chemicals that an enzyme works on
45
Active site
An area of an enzyme with the same shape as the substrate
46
Lock and key mechanism
The substrates moves into the active site and reacts to form the products The products leave the active site do another substrate can then enter and so on
47
Specificity
Each enzyme can only work on one substrate because the shape of the active site to match
48
Denature
When the shape of the active site changes shape so the enzyme stops working
49
Optimum temperature
The temperature when an enzyme works fastest
50
Increasing the temperature
Increasing to optimum Rate increases because particles move faster Increasing past optimum Rate decreases as enzyme denatures
51
Optimum pH
The pH when enzyme works fastest (around pH 6-8 for most human enzyme)
52
Changing pH
Rate decreases as you move away from the optimum because the enzyme denatures
53
Increasing substrate concentration
As first rate increases but then it levels out as the enzyme is working as fast as possible
54
Concentration
The number of particles In a given volume
55
Concentration gradient
The difference in concentration between neighbouring areas
56
Diffusion
The movement of particles from high to low concentration
57
Diffusion examples
Lungs- oxygen into blood carbon dioxide out of blood Leaf-carbon dioxide into leaf oxygen out of leaf
58
Partially permeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules but not others to pass through it
59
Osmosis
The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from high water/low solute conc to low water/high solute conc
60
Osmosis examples
Water into plant roots water in/out of any cells
61
Active transport
Using energy to move substances from low to high concentration
62
Active transport examples
Minerals being absorbed into plant roots

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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