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Biology GCSE > B4 EVOLUTION > Flashcards

B4 EVOLUTION Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

binomial naming

A

two-part names, first part= genus, second part = species.

written in italics

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2
Q

home sapiens

A

our species. evolved about 200,000 years ago. skull volume 1450cm3

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3
Q

ardipithecus ramidus

A

aka “ardi”. 4.4 million years ago, walked upright and climbed trees 350cm3 skull volume

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4
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A

aka Lucy 3.2 million years ago walked upright , skull volume 400cm3

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5
Q

homo habillis

A

2.4-1.4 million years ago walked upright skull volume 5-600cm3

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6
Q

8homo erectus

A

1.8 to 0.5 million years ago, walked upright skull volume 850cm3

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7
Q

fossil evidence

A

many fossils have been found showing a gradual transition from ‘ape-like’ to ‘human-like’

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8
Q

stone tool evidence

A

older stone tools are simpler requiring less intelligence to make, younger stone tools are more complex requiring more intelligence to make

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9
Q

the leakeys

A

mary and Louis discovered homo Habilis, their son Richard worked on homo Erectus

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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

developed the theory of evolution

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11
Q

evolution

A

the way that species develop by gradual changes over many generations due to natural selection

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12
Q

variation

A

natural differences between members of a species that affect the chance survival

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13
Q

mutations and evolution

A

changes in DNA cause variation

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14
Q

environmental change

A

change to factors such as food supply , climate or predictors

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15
Q

competition

A

the fight to eat, survive and breed

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16
Q

natural selection

A

organisms with the best genes and characteristics are more likely to survive , breed and pass on their better genes

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17
Q

inheritance

A

gaining your genes from your parents

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18
Q

well adapted

A

an organism has features that make it better able to survive and breed

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19
Q

evolution and the individual

A

an individual does not evolve during its lifetime , populations of organisms evolve over many lifetimes

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20
Q

human evolution

A

humans did not evolve from chimpanzees, we both evolved from a common ancestor

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21
Q

resistance

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A

the natural ability of some members of a species to survive poisons that would kill the other members

22
Q

evolution of resistance

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A

evolution of organisms that stops them from being affected by poisons

23
Q

rats and warfarin resistance

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A

warfarin is used to kill rats some rats were naturally resistant , survived the warfarin , bred and passed on their resistance genes

24
Q

antibiotic resistance

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A

antibiotics are used to kill bacteria some bacteria were naturally resistance , survived the antibiotics , bred and passed on their resistance genes

25
the problems of resistance
antibiotic resistance means that many infections that used to be simple to treat may become too resistant to treat may become too resistance to treat, causing major health problems
26
carl linnaeus
developed the modern system of classification
27
how to classify
based on similarities , group things into smaller and smaller groups with fewer and fewer similarities
28
problems with classification
sometimes organisms that looks similar are not actually related
29
kingdoms
old idea, classifying living things into five kingdoms (including plants, animals, and fungi)
30
carl woese
developed the modern system of classification with three domains
31
domains
modern idea of classifying living things into three main groups , bacteria, archae, eukarya
32
bacteria
single celled organisms with no nucleus but unused sections of DNA
33
archae
single celled organisms with no nucleus but with unused sections of DNA. includes plants, animals, fungi and protists
34
eukarya
multi-cellular organisms with a nucleus and unused sections of DNA includes plants, animals, fungi and protists
35
artificial selection
when humans (normally farmers) select the animals/plants to breed with the best characteristics
36
selective breeding
developing new breeds of plants or animals with better characteristics by selective breeding over many generations
37
selective breeding in practice
choose parens with the best characteristics , breed them together , choose from their offspring with the best characteristics, breed them together , repeat from many generations
38
genetic engineering
changing the characteristics of organisms by giving them genes from another organism
39
GMO
Genetically modified organism : an organism that has its genes changed
40
bt corn
corn containing a gene from bacillus thuringiensis that makes it produce a substance called bt which kills insects
41
medical GMOS
GM bacteria are used to make insulin (for diabetes) and some antibiotics
42
pros and cons of GM
quicker then selective breeding and can introduce more different characteristics but is expensive
43
over selection
farmers focussing too much on breeding for one characteristics (such as chicken breast size), don't spot problems with other characteristics (such as weak leg bones) causing suffering
44
gene leaking
the concern GMOS could breed with wild relatives, enabling the modified genes to escape into the wild. this could have ecological impacts
45
resistance
the concern that in areas growing bt corn, insects simply evolve resistance to bt
46
insulin
insulin made by GM bacteria is not identical to human insulin, and some people suffer bad reactions to it
47
plasmid DNA
small loops of DNA containing a few genes
48
restriction enzyme
enzymes that cut DNA, leaving sticky ends at each end of the piece of DNA
49
sticky end
a short sequence of unpaired bases at the end of a piece of DNA
50
ligase
an enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA by matching up that bases on their sticky ends
51
recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining together two or more pieces of DNA
52
how to genetically engineer bacteria
cut out gene using restriction enzymes, remove plaids from bacteria and open with restriction enzymes, use ligase to join gene and plasmid together , return plasmas to bacteria

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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