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Biology GCSE > B5 HEALTH AND DISEASE > Flashcards

B5 HEALTH AND DISEASE Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Physical health

A

being free from disease, active, fit, sleeping well and no substance abuse

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2
Q

mental health

A

feeling good about yourself and being free of conditions such as depression and anxiety

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3
Q

social health

A

having healthy relationships, loving and being loved

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4
Q

WHO

A

World health organisation - part of the UN responsible for monitoring global health

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5
Q

Disease

A

any problem with the body not caused by injury

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6
Q

communicable diseases

A

diseases caused by pathogens, can be passed on

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7
Q

non communicable diseases

A

diseases caused by genes or lifestyle. cannot be passed on

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8
Q

correlated diseases

A

getting one disease increases your chance of another due to diseases weakening organ systems, damaged immune system, weaker defences

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9
Q

genetic disorders

A

disease caused by inheriting faulty genes from your parents

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10
Q

malnutrition

A

diseases caused by poor diet

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11
Q

anaemia

A

lack of iron. causes fewer and smaller red blood cells and low energy

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12
Q

kwashiorkor

A

lack of protein. swollen belly, small muscles, stunted growth

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13
Q

rickets

A

lack of calcium or vitamin D Causes weak bones leading to blowed legs

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14
Q

scurvy

A

lack of vitamin C swollen bleeding gums, muscle and joint pain, lack of energy

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15
Q

ethanol

A

the drug found in all alcoholic drinks

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16
Q

drugs

A

chemicals that change the way your mind and body works

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17
Q

cirrhosis

A

a fatal liver disease caused by drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time

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18
Q

social problems of alcohol

A

missed work days, increased risk of diseases, risky sexual behaviour, increased violence

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19
Q

obesity

A

being overweight to the extent that your health is at risk

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20
Q

BMI

A

body mass index, 30= obese

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21
Q

BMI calculation

A

BMI = mass (kg) / height2 (M2)

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22
Q

Problems with BMI

A

someone with a lot of muscle could have high BMI without being obese

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23
Q

Waist ; hip ratio

A

the ratio of waist to hip width. Over 0.9 (women) or 1.0 (men) = obese

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24
Q

Calculating waist : hip ratio

A

Waist: hip ratio

= waist width/ hip width

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25
Cardiovascular disease
Harmful substances in blood build up in the arteries around the heart. Blockages can form leading to heart attacks
26
Stents
Used to treat cardiovascular disease. A tube of metal mesh is fed into the narrowed artery and opened up holding the artery open
27
Treasuring heart disease with life style
More exercise and a better diet can treat cardiovascular disease. But this takes time
28
Pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease
29
Types of pathogens
Bacteria Virus Protist Fungi
30
Tuberculosis
Bacteria. Serious lung damage , bloody cough, fever
31
Cholera
Bacteria | Sever life threatening diarrhoea
32
Chalara ash dieback
Fungi. Kills the leaves of ash trees, killing the tree
33
Malaria
Protist | Sickness , fever and weakness
34
Haemorrhagic fever
Virus eg Ebola Liver and kidney damage Internal bleeding
35
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus attacks white blood cells, causing aids
36
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | Weakened immune system making simple infections deadly. Caused by HIV
37
Opportunistic | Pathogens
Pathogens that in us causing no harm but become dangerous when given the opportunity such as Helicobateria pylori which cause stomach ulcers
38
Airborne
Spreading through the the air such as colds and flu in infected droplets of saliva , and chalara ash dieback by fungal spores
39
Water one
spreading through contaminated water such as chole
40
Oral route
Eating food contaminated with a pathogen.
41
Vectors
Animals that spread pathogens in their bites such as malaria that is spread by mosquitoes
42
Blood fluids
Spreading through contact with infected body fluids such as blood or semen for explain HIV
43
Chemical defences
Kill pathogens before they can infect us
44
Lysozyme
Enzyme found in mucus tears and sweat that kills some bacteria
45
Hydrochloric
Found in the stomach, kills most bacteria on food
46
Physical barriers
Blood or trap pathogens so they can’t enter the body
47
Mucus
Sticky substance in most boby openings that traps pathogens
48
Ciliated cells
Have hairs that sweep mucus up and out of the body
49
Skin as a physical barrier
Blocks pathogens from entering
50
STIS
Sexually transmitted infections | Pathogens spread through sexual activity
51
Preventing STIS
Use barrier contraception (such as condoms) to prevent mixing of fluids (semen, vaginal lubrication, blood).
52
Screening for STIS
Large scale testing of people to check if they have an STI so they can be treated. This helps to reduce the spread of STIS
53
Immune system
Destroys pathogens that manage to infect us
54
Primary immune response
How the body responds the first time it meets a new pathogen
55
Antigens
Chemical markers on the surface of pathogens (and other cells) that identify them as a pathogen Antigens are unique to each pathogen
56
Lymphocyte
White blood cells that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes a different antibody
57
Antibodies
Chemicals with a specific shape that can stick to the antigens on a pathogen and kill it
58
Activated lymphocyte
When an antigen sticks to an antibody it activates the lymphocyte causing it to make many copies of itself that make the same antibodies
59
Memory lymphocyte
Lymphocytes left over after an infection that retain the ability to fight the pathogen
60
Immunity
When the body has the memory lymphocytes to fight a pathogen. So it can’t be harmed by it
61
Vaccine
A weakened version of a pathogen that trains the body to fight it without causing disease
62
How vaccines work
Vaccines are harmless versions of pathogen that still have the antibodies on them, so the immune response is triggered without any risk of disease
63
Vaccine safety
Vaccines are safe preventing about 6 million deaths per year
64
Antibiotics
Substance that kill bacteria without harming human cells
65
Now antibiotics work
``` They inhibit (stop) an enzyme that maintains bacterial cell walks This kills the bacteria ```
66
Resistance
Widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistance meaning many antibiotics don’t work as well as they once did
67
Drug development
Developing new medicines involves many stages that take of time and money
68
Discovery phase
Developing new chemicals that might work as medicines
69
Preclinical testing
Testing on cells grown in the lab or on animals to see if the chemical has any useful effect
70
Small clinical trial
Testing a few healthy people to check for safety
71
Large clinical trial
Testing on many patients to diviner how effective the drug is determine the dose
72
Side effects
Unwanted effects of the medication, that can be quite harmful

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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