B1 - You and your genes

Question 1

nucleotide/base

Answer 1

monomer unit of DNA that bonds and forms a strand of DNA

Question 2

genotype

Answer 2

the combination of alleles an organism possesses

Question 3

whats the function of the nuclueus?

Answer 3

-control activity of cell
- contains DNA

Question 4

function of cytoplasm

Answer 4

liquid jelly substance where most chemical reactions happen

Question 5

function of cell membrane

Answer 5

• controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 6

function of mitochondria

Answer 6

site of respiration

Question 7

ribosomes

Answer 7

involved in the synthesis of proteins

Question 8

cell wall

Answer 8

• made of cellulose
• supports cell and strengthens it
• adds structure

Question 9

vacuole

Answer 9

contains cell cap

Question 10

chloroplasts

Answer 10

where photosynthesis happens and contains chlorophyll

Question 11

plasmids

Answer 11

small loops of extra dna
contain genes for things like drug resistance

Question 12

prep for light microscope?

Answer 12

• take a clean slide and use a pipette to drop water on it
• use tweezers to place specimen on slide
• add drop of stain to make it easier to see
• place cover slip carefully onto slide, getting out air bubbles with a needle (press down on it)
• clip slide onto stage

Question 13

using the light microscope

Answer 13

• select the lowest powered objective lens
• use coarse adjustment knob to move the stage so slide is under eyepiece
• look down eyepiece and move stage downwards until specimen is in focus
• adjust focus w fine adjustment knob

Question 14

scientific drawing of specimen

Answer 14

• pencil with sharp point
• clear, unbroken lines
• no colouring or shading
• draw in proportion
• include a title
• write magnification
• label important features

Question 15

genome

Answer 15

entire genetic material of an organism

Question 16

chromosome

Answer 16

long molecule of DNA thats coiled up

Question 17

what is DNA made of?

Answer 17

monomers called nucleotides

Question 18

what is a gene?

Answer 18

short length of DNA on a chromosome

Question 19

what do genes code for?

Answer 19

a particular sequence of amino acids which code to make specific proteins

Question 20

alleles

Answer 20

different versions of the same genes

Question 21

genotype

Answer 21

combination of alleles an organism has for each gene

Question 22

phenotype

Answer 22

observable characteristics of an organism

Question 23

what can causes phenotype variation?

Answer 23

genetic and environmental

Question 24

dominant allele

Answer 24

always expressed, even if only one copy is present. dominant alleles are represented by a capital letter, for example, A

Question 25

recessive allele

Answer 25

only expressed if the individual has two copies and does not have the dominant allele of that gene. recessive alleles are represented by a lower case letter, for example, a

Question 26

homozygous

Answer 26

alleles are both identical for the same characteristic, for example AA or aa

Question 27

heterozygous

Answer 27

alleles are both different for the same characteristic, for example Aa

Question 28

human genome research

Answer 28

- scientists have found all possible genes - uses in medicine as you can see genes associated with a particular disease

Question 29

how do genetic variants help eliminating risks?

Answer 29

* if you know the variant you have, you can make lifestyle changes * for babies, it helps you plan for treatment

Question 30

personalised medicine

Answer 30

* some genetic variants make some drugs less effective * gentesting help to know how the patient will respond and mean that you could prescribe drugs that will be most effective for the patient

Question 31

drawbacks to genetic testing

Answer 31

discrimination, increased stress, false results, destruction of embryo's and could lead to designer babies

Question 32

parent genetic testing

Answer 32

genetic disorder in family so gentests can reveal if they are a carrier or not

Question 33

embryo genetic testing

Answer 33

* eggs fertilised in lab * cell can be taken from each embryo and be tested * embryo w/o disorder can be implanted into the womb

Question 34

foetus embryo testing

Answer 34

amniotic fluid ges tested for genvar if test is positive then couple can decide if they go ahead

Question 35

drawbacks to genetic testing

Answer 35

* you may be given a wrong result * can lead to destruction of embryos * could lead to designer babies

Question 36

genetic engineering

Answer 36

1. identify the gene 2. use enzymes to cut out gene 3. insert gene into vector - virus, or bacteria plasmid 4. use vector to insert into target cells 5. let organism grow and develop desired qualities

Question 37

genetic engineering in agriculutre

Answer 37

* crops can be made to be resistant to herbicides * you can kill weeds w/o killing the crop * increases crop yield which helps produce more food for population

Question 38

genetic engineering in medicne

Answer 38

genetically engineer bacteria to make human insulin

Question 39

draw backs of genetic engineering

Answer 39

* we don't know the affect on the organism * animal may not survive or have health problems * lead to designer babies * reduces biodiversity

Question 40

what is genetic engineering

Answer 40

a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics