B4

Question 1

what is respiration?

Answer 1

transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose

Question 2

how do plants make glucose

Answer 2

photosynthesis

Question 3

how do animals make glucose

Answer 3

breaking down biomass

Question 4

what is ATP

Answer 4

it stores the energy that is used for essential processes like breaking and making molecules, active transport and contracting muscles

Question 5

why does cellular respiration occur continuously in all living cells

Answer 5

bcs organisms need the energy to survive

Question 6

is respiration exothermic or endothermic

Answer 6

exothermic because it transfers energy to the environment

Question 7

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 7

• plenty of oxygen available
• most efficient way of transferring energy from glucose

Question 8

equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 8

glucose and oxygen –> carbon dioxide and water

Question 9

where does aerobic respiration take place in eukaryotic cells

Answer 9

mitochondria bcs it contains most of the enzymes needed to control aerobic respiration reactions

Question 10

how can u work out rate of respiration from substrate practical

Answer 10

volume of CO2/time

Question 11

what is anaerobic respiration

Answer 11

respiration without oxygen

Question 12

when does anaerobic respiration happen

Answer 12

when theres little or no oxygen available

Question 13

where does anaerobic respiration

Answer 13

cytoplasm

Question 14

anaerobic respiration in human cells

Answer 14

during vigorous exercise, he body cant supply enough

Question 15

anaerobic respiration in plant cells

Answer 15

when the soil is waterlogged, therell be no oxygen for the roots so anaerobic

Question 16

anaerobic respiration in bacterial cells

Answer 16

when bacteria is somewhere with a lack of oxygen

Question 17

animals anaerobic respiration equation

Answer 17

glucose –> lactic acid

Question 18

plants and some microorganisms anaerobic respiration equation

Answer 18

glucose –> ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 19

aerobic and anaerobic points for comparison:
conditions, input, outputs and ATP yield

Answer 19

conditions, input, outputs and ATP yield
aerobic: oxygen present, glucose and oxygen, carbon dioxide and water, 32 ATP per molecule of glucose
anaerobic: lack of oxygen, glucose, lactic acid/ethanol and carbon dioxide and 2 ATP per molecule of glucose

Question 20

what is in the cell cycle

Answer 20

interphase and mitosis

Question 21

what does the cell cycle do?

Answer 21

makes new cells for growth and repair

Question 22

what is mitosis used for

Answer 22

to grow (by dividing) or replace cells that have been damaged

Question 23

how to estimate number of cells after multiple divisions of mitosis

Answer 23

2^n
n=number of divisions

Question 24

what could affect the total number of cells

Answer 24

cells could die or lack of food meaning the cells could divide at slower rate

Question 25

what is cancer

Answer 25

* if theres a mutation in the gene that controls cell division, a cell may divide uncontrollably, creating a tumour

Question 26

when does it become cancer

Answer 26

if a tumur invades and destroys surroundning tissue

Question 27

how do light microscopes work

Answer 27

by passing light through the specimen

Question 28

how do electron microscopes work

Answer 28

they use a focused beam of electrons

Question 29

what can we see with electron microscopes

Answer 29

smaller things in detail like the internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 30

how can we use microscopes to see the stages of mitochondria

Answer 30

- chromosomes get stained - cells are viewed on a squash - cells get taken from the root tip where the most cells divisions

Question 31

total magnification

Answer 31

eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

Question 32

magnification

Answer 32

measured size/acual size

Question 33

what is meiosis

Answer 33

a form of cell division which produces four non-identical, haploid sex cells or gametes

Question 34

what is a specialised cell

Answer 34

a cell that is able to divide to produce any type of specialised cell - embryonic cells

Question 35

example of specialised cell

Answer 35

blood and nerve cells

Question 36

what is differentiation

Answer 36

the process of stem cells becoming specialised

Question 37

when do cells become specialised in humans

Answer 37

eight cell stage

Question 38

adult stem cells

Answer 38

- only certain places, like bone marrow - only make certain types of cells

Question 39

how do cells become specialised

Answer 39

stem cells switch off the genes they don't need during development so active genes can produce proteins for the type of specialised cell

Question 40

what are meristem cells

Answer 40

meristems produce unspecialised cells - they can differentiate to make any type of cell as long as the plant lives

Question 41

unspecialised cells in plants

Answer 41

xylem and phloem

Question 42

benefits of stem cells in science

Answer 42

* used to replaced cells damaged by injury or disease * can crate new cures * new cardiac muscle cells transplanted into someone with heart disease

Question 43

risks of stem cells in science

Answer 43

* stem cells divide quickly and if it cant be controlled in the patient, it can lead to a tumour * viruses live inside cells and can be transported to the recipient which makes them sicker

Question 44

ethical issues in medicine

Answer 44

* the embryos get destroyed but its still a potential life * using stem cells in medicine and science is mostly regulated by the government