B1.1 Carbs & lipids (SL ONLY topic)

Question 1

What is a carbon-carbon bond?

Answer 1

Strong and stable bonds, long chained carbon compounds that provide the basic framework for many molecules (longer the stronger)

Question 2

How many single bonds can a carbon atom form?

Answer 2

4 single bonds

Question 3

What are biological molecules made up of?

Answer 3

1. Glucose
2. Amino acid
3. Nucleotide
4. Fatty acid

Question 4

Large molecules are usually found in long chains called…

Answer 4

Polymers

Question 5

What are the 2 types of reactions to make & break polymers?

Answer 5

1. Condensation reaction
2. Hydrolysis reaction

Question 6

What is a monomer?

Answer 6

A molecule which can be bonded with similar molecules to form a polymer

Question 7

Explain what happens during a condensation reaction between 2 monomers

Answer 7

2 monomers are joined together with the release of water

Question 8

What type of reaction involves the breakage of a chemical bond between 2 monomers using water

Answer 8

Hydrolysis

Question 9

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 9

When 2 glucose molecules join together

Question 10

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 10

When more than 2 glucose molecules join together

Question 11

What are some alternatives to sugar?

Answer 11

Saccharin, cyclamate, sucralose

Question 12

What is the difference between sugar and starch?

Answer 12

Sugar - small, made up of 1 or 2 units
Starch - large, made up of MANY units

Question 13

What is the role of glucose?

Answer 13

An immediate energy source

Question 14

What are the 2 types of glucose?

Answer 14

Alpha & beta

Question 15

What is an isomer?

Answer 15

A compound with the same formula but different chemical structure

Question 16

What are the properties and uses of glucose?

Answer 16

1. 2 isomers
2. soluble molecule
3. stable molecule
4. can be oxidised

Question 17

Condensation reactions ………. polymers and ………….. water

Answer 17

1. make
2. produces

Question 18

Hydrolysis reactions ……… polymers and …….. water

Answer 18

1. breaks
2. requires

Question 19

What is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 19

The resulting covalent bond that links glucose molecules together

Question 20

What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?

Answer 20

1. Starch (plants) - amylose, amylopectin
2. Glycogen (animals) - liver, muscle cells

Question 21

What is cellulose?

Answer 21

A type of polysaccharide that is a major structural component of plant cell walls

Question 22

What are some key features of cellulose?

Answer 22

Chains are cross linked = strong & rigid structure, lots of tensile strength

Question 23

What are the roles of glycoproteins?

Answer 23

1. cell-cell recognition
2. receptors
3. ligands
4. structural support

Question 24

What is the compatibility of blood types based on?

Answer 24

Recognition and interaction of specific glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells

Question 25

What happens when incompatible blood types mix?

Answer 25

Immune system recognise the other glycoproteins as foreign molecules and attack

Question 26

What are the different types of ABO blood groups?

Answer 26

Blood group A Blood group B Blood group AB Blood group O

Question 27

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 27

1. Respiration 2. Energy storage 3. cell membranes 4. insulation

Question 28

What do lipids contain?

Answer 28

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 29

What are triglycerides?

Answer 29

Type of liquid molecule composed of 3 fatty acids chains attached to a glycerol

Question 30

What are some characteristics of lipids?

Answer 30

- insoluble - non polar - can be consumed in food & synthesied by the liver

Question 31

What is a bond between glycerol and a fatty acid called?

Answer 31

Ester bond

Question 32

How can you tell saturated and unsaturated fatty acids apart? (the main one)

Answer 32

Unsaturated - double bond Saturated - no double bonds

Question 33

Unsatured fatty acids can be classified into .......... and ............

Answer 33

Cis - located on the same side Trans - located on opposite sides

Question 34

What are the 3 types of fatty acids?

Answer 34

Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated

Question 35

What are some characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 35

- straight, linear shape - higher melting point - each carbon atom in hydrocarbon chain is bound to 4 atoms - solid at room temp

Question 36

What are some characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 36

- 1 or more double bonds - bends and kinks in shape - liquid at room temp - lower melting points

Question 37

The more double bonds ......... melting point

Answer 37

Lower

Question 38

Phospholipids are ............... molecules (contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions)

Answer 38

Amphipatic

Question 39

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 39

double layer of phospholipids (hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tails)

Question 40

What are the 2 phospholipid bilayer structures?

Answer 40

Micelle Bilayer

Question 41

What is 'bad' and 'good' cholesterol?

Answer 41

LDL (low density lipoprotein) - bad HDL (high density lipoprotein) - good

Question 42

What is the structure of cholesterol?

Answer 42

4 carbon ring structures joined together

Question 43

What are the most unhealthy fats?

Answer 43

Trans fats Saturated fats