B.2 Cell Division - Chat GPT Flashcards
(22 cards)
Why is cell division important?
For growth, repair, replacement of cells, and asexual reproduction.
What is the structure of genetic information in cells?
Nucleus → chromosomes → genes.
How are chromosomes arranged in body cells?
Chromosomes are found in pairs, one from the male gamete and one from the female gamete.
What is a gamete?
A sex cell.
What is differentiation in cells?
Differentiation is when a cell becomes specialized for a particular function, acquiring different subcellular structures.
When do animal and plant cells differentiate?
Animal cells differentiate in the early stages, while plant cells differentiate throughout life.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can produce differentiated cells or more stem cells.
What are the three types of stem cells?
Embryonic Stem Cells (differentiate into all cell types), Adult Stem Cells (limited differentiation), Meristem Cells (differentiate into any plant cell throughout the plant’s life).
How are stem cells used in plants?
Stem cells in plants are used to clone plants quickly and economically.
How can stem cells help with medical conditions?
Stem cells can help treat conditions such as paralysis and diabetes.
What happens in Stage 1 of cell division?
The cell grows, increases subcellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria), and DNA is replicated.
What happens in Stage 2 of cell division (Mitosis)?
Chromosomes become visible, line up in the center, and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, forming two nuclei.
What happens in Stage 3 of cell division?
The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, creating two genetically identical daughter cells.
How is the length of the cell cycle calculated?
Length of time in phase = (Observed cells in stage / Total cells) × Total cycle length.
What ethical concerns are there with embryonic stem cells?
Some believe it is unethical to experiment on or use embryonic stem cells because it destroys embryos.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?
Advantages: Differentiate into all cells. Disadvantages: Embryo destruction, cannot give consent, potential cancer, and viral infection risks.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of adult stem cells?
Advantages: Can be used in treatments. Disadvantages: Limited differentiation, risks of infection, removal can be painful.
What is therapeutic cloning?
Therapeutic cloning involves producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient to prevent stem cell rejection.
What are the steps in therapeutic cloning?
The nucleus is removed from a human egg, and the patient’s nucleus is inserted. The egg is stimulated to develop into an embryo, and stem cells are harvested.
What are the advantages of therapeutic cloning?
Can cure diseases, produce replacement cells, and study stem cell differentiation.
What are the disadvantages of therapeutic cloning?
Embryo destruction, egg donation risks, potential side effects like cancer or viral infection.
