B.6 ChatGPT Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is the purpose of a vaccination?
To stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies and create memory cells for faster future response.
What are memory cells?
White blood cells that remain in the body and allow a faster immune response upon reinfection.
What is natural immunity?
Immunity gained from actually catching and recovering from a disease.
What is artificial immunity?
Immunity gained through vaccination.
Why can’t antibiotics treat viral infections?
Because viruses reproduce inside human cells and antibiotics can’t target them without harming body cells.
What leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Overuse or misuse of antibiotics, and mutations within bacterial populations.
How can antibiotic resistance be reduced?
By avoiding unnecessary prescriptions, completing full courses of antibiotics, and developing new drugs.
What does a painkiller do?
It relieves symptoms such as pain but does not cure the disease.
What plant is digitalis derived from and what is it used for?
Foxglove; used to treat heart conditions.
Who discovered penicillin and from what organism?
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from mould (Penicillium notatum).
What are the two main stages of drug testing?
Preclinical testing (cells, tissues, animals) and clinical testing (humans).
What is a placebo and why is it used?
A dummy treatment with no active ingredient, used to compare results in drug trials.
Why are double-blind trials important?
To prevent bias from both doctors and patients during testing.
How are monoclonal antibodies created?
By fusing a mouse lymphocyte with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma.
Give two uses of monoclonal antibodies.
- Pregnancy tests, 2. Cancer treatments by delivering drugs directly to cancer cells.
What indicates a positive result in a pregnancy test using monoclonal antibodies?
A coloured line appears due to antibodies binding to the HCG hormone.
