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Biology GCSE > B2.1: Supplying The Cell > Flashcards

B2.1: Supplying The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along a concentration gradient

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2
Q

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The shorter the distance, the faster the diffusion.
This is because particles need to move a shorter distance to reach equilibrium

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3
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion?

A

The higher temp, the faster diffusion

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane

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5
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

When the solute concentration is greater outside of the cell, the cell will shrink and water will go out

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6
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

When the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, the cell will swell and gain water

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7
Q

What is a solute

A

A substance dissolved

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8
Q

What is a solvent

A

A substance that does the dissolving

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9
Q

A hypertonic solution can cause a plant cell to plasmolyse. What does that mean?

A

It loses water through osmosis

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10
Q

What does turgid mean?

A

When cell walls become rigid due to high water content

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11
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Solute concentration is the same inside and outside

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12
Q

What is lysis

A

Bursting of the cell after hypotonic solution

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13
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy

  • involves transport of solutes
  • needs semi-permeable membrane
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14
Q

Which processes use active transport?

A

How minerals get into root hair cells

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15
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell which has adapted unique features to perform its functions

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16
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Process in which cells become specialised in structure and function

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17
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A

The flagellum helps to move towards the egg cell
Many mitochondria to provide energy

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18
Q

How are ciliated cells specialised?

A

It has tiny hairs called cilia, which sweep up mucus with trapped dust and a bacteria at the back of the throat

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19
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell - a cell that has not yet become specialised

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20
Q

What are features of a stem cell?

A
  • can replicate many times
  • has the potential to become any type of cell
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21
Q

What are the 2 sources of stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells - bone marrow
Embroynic stem cells

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22
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow
Long bones like the femur

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells found in the bone marrow?

A
  • blood
  • skin
  • bone
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24
Q

Where are emrbyonic stem cells found?

A

In early human embryos (blastocyst)

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25
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells
26
Where are plant stem cells found?
Meristems, neart the tip of shoots and roots
27
What can meristems differentiate into?
Into any type of plant cell
28
What are some advantages of adult stem cells?
Costs 1000£ Adults give permission Safe procedure
29
What are disadvantages of adult stem cells?
Can only develop into a few types of cells High chance of rejection from patients immune system Each cell divides every 4 hours
30
What are some advantages of embryonic stem cells?
Can develop into many cell types Each cell divides every 30mins Low chance of patient immune system rejection
31
What are some disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?
Costs 5000£ to collect a few cells Ethical issues More research needs to be done
32
What kind of cells does mitosis produce?
Identical cells - 2 daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell: 46 chromosomes
33
What does mitosis aid with?
Growth Repairing tissue Replacing old or damaged cells
34
Where in the body does mitosis occur?
Skin Muscle Bone cells NOT in reproductive cells
35
What type of variation is between the parent and daughter cells?
No variation
36
What are the advantages of mitosis?
Only needs 1 parent - quicker, faster
37
What is the order of mitosis?
- growth of the cell - dna replication - movement of chromosomes
38
What is stage 1 of mitosis?
Growth Increase the number of sub cellular structures
39
What is stage 2 of mitosis?
DNA synthesis DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
40
What is stage 3 of mitosis?
Mitosis One set of chromosome pulled to each end of cell and nucleus divides. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells to the parent cells
41
Does the size of the cells get smaller during mitosis?
Yes, but not too much They still maintain an appropriate size
42
What is cell differentiation?
The process where cells become specialised
43
Why is cell differentiation important?
It allows organisms to develop specialised functions
44
When does differentiation occur in animals?
Mostly during embryo development
45
When does differentiation occur in plants?
Throughout their lifetime
46
What is the function of a nerve cell?
To carry electrical impulses
47
How is a nerve cell adapted?
Long branched connections for communication
48
What is the function of a sperm cell?
To fertilise an egg
49
How is a sperm cell adapted?
It has a tail for swimming and enzymes to penetrate the egg
50
What is the function of a muscle cell?
To contract and allow movement
51
What is the function of a root hair cell?
Absorbs water and minerals
52
How is a root hair cell adapted?
Large surface area due to hair like projections
53
What is the function of xylem?
Transports water and minerals
54
How is xylem adapted?
Hollow tubes strengthened with lignin
55
Wat is the function of phloem?
Transports sugars and nutrients
56
How is phloem adapted?
Sieve tubes. – specialised for transport and have no nuclei Companion cells with mitochondria for energy
57
Does diffusion require energy?
NO Its a passive process
58
What affects diffusion rate?
Temperature Surface area Concentration gradient Diffusion distance
59
Where does osmosis occur in plants?
In root hair cells in order to absorb water
60
Does active transport require energy
Yes From ATP
61
Where does active transport occur in plants?
In root hair cells to absorb minerals
62
What is mitosis?
Cell division producing identical cells to the parents
63
Why is mitosis important?
Asexual reproduction Growth Repair
64
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Growth DNA synthesis Mitosis
65
What happens in the growth phase of the cell cycle?
Cell grows and makes more organelles
66
What happens in DNA synthesis of cell cycle?
DNA is replicated
67
What happens during mitsosis?
The nucleus divides forming 2 identical cells
68
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can develop into different types
69
Where are embryonic stem cells found?
In early-stage embryos
70
What can embryonic stem cells become?
Any cell type
71
Where are adult stem cells found?
Tissues like the bone marrow
72
What can adult stem cells become?
Only certain cell types (like blood cells)
73
Where are plant stem cells found?
Meristems
74
How can stem cells be used in medicine?
To treat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
75
How can stem cells be used to treat disease?
stem cells replace cells damaged
76
How can plant stem cells be used?
To clone plants with desirable traits
77
Why is plant cloning useful?
It helps growing disease-resistant crops
78
What are ethical issues with embryonic stem cells?
Some believe using embryos is wrong
79
What is a medical risk of stem cell therapy?
Cells could be rejected or cause infection
80
What is active transport?
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient requiring ATP
81
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can become any cell type) Adult stem cells are multipotent (limited differentiation)

Biology GCSE (16 decks)

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