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Biology GCSE > B3.2: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

B3.2: The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Make ormones and secrete hormones in the blood

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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3
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that releases/secretes hormones

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4
Q

What do hormones travel to through the blood?

A

Target cells

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5
Q

What shape/binding do target cell receptors and hormones have?

A

Lock and key
Complementary

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6
Q

What is the difference in speed between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

NS: Faster
May take seconds
Precise area

ES: relatively slower
May take years
Larger area

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7
Q

What is the difference in actions between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

NS: reflexes
Blinking, limb movement

ES: growth, development
Reproductive system

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8
Q

What is the difference in travelling between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

NS: carry electrical impulses through neurones
ES: hormones, passed through bloodstream

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9
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Control body processes that need constant adjustment
Such as body temp

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10
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Keeping the body in constant conditions

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11
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A control mechanism used in homeostasis

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12
Q

What do sensory receptors do in negative feedback?

A

Detect change

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13
Q

What do effectors do in negative feedback?

A

Reverse change
Bring conditions back to normal

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14
Q

Describe a typical negative feedback cycle

A

Conditions in body change from set point
Change detected by a receptor
Corrective mechanisms activated by an effector
Conditions returned to set point
Corrective mechanisms switched off

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15
Q

What are examples of major endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Adrenal gland

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16
Q

What is the role of hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Produce hormones that regulate the production of other hormones

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17
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Produce thyroxine, controls how much energy your body uses

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18
Q

When are adrenal glands stimulated and what changes may they produce in the body?

A

High stress or exciting situations
Stimulated heart rate
Contracts blood vessels
Dilating air passages
Blood flow to lungs

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19
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Near the kidney

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20
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

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21
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Females
Produce oestrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

What do testes produce?

A

Males
Produce testosterone

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23
Q

What is the function of the thryoid gland from food?

A

Take in iodine from food and convert into thyroxine

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24
Q

What 3 hormones does the pituitary glands produce?

A

ADH
FSH
LH

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25
What does ADH do?
Antidiuretic hormone Regulates amount of water in the body Stored in pituitary gland until use
26
What does FSH do?
Targets the ovaries Causes an egg to mature Stumulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
27
What does LH do?
Regulates pituitary gland hormone secretion and the production of sperm and eggs When LH reaches its peak, ovulation is triggered
28
What hormones are produced by the ovaries?
Oestrogen Progesterone
29
What is the role of oestrogen in the body?
Targets pituitary gland The release of FSH Ensures only one egg develops Made and secreted by the ovaries The lining of the uterus to build up
30
What is the role of progesterone in the body?
Produced in the follicle in the ovaries Maintains uterus lining Levels of this hormone remaisn high throughout pregnancy Inhibits LH
31
What is the menstrual cycle?
Takes place every month Lining of uterus preparing for pregnancy If pregnancy does not occur, lining breaks down and women have a period
32
When do LH and FSH peak?
Immediately before ovulation
33
What is ovulation?
the menstrual cycle phase when a mature egg is released from an ovary
34
What happens during day 1-5 of menstruation?
Period stays for 5 days
35
What happens during day 5-14 of menstruation?
Uterus lining thickens
36
What happens during day 14-28 of menstruation?
Uterus lining stays thick
37
What are the hormones like in menstruation?
Check notes
38
What is the role of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
Receives sperm from penis during sex
39
What is the role of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
Fetus develops here
40
What is the role of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
Entrance to uterus
41
What is the role of the ovary in the female reproductive system?
Eggs mature here
42
What is the role of the fallopian tube in the female reproductive system?
Where egg is fertilised before going to uterus
43
What is contraception?
Any technique used to prevent pregnancy
44
What is hormonal contraception?
Use of hormones to disrupt the normal female reproductive system
45
What is non hormonal contraception?
Barrier methods to prevent sperm contacting egg Physical devices releasing chemical compounds which kill sperm or prevent implantation of fertilised eggs
46
What type of contraception are condoms?
Non hormonal
47
What type of contraception are diaphragm or cervical cap?
Non hormonal
48
What type of contraception are IUD, Coil?
Non hormonal
49
What type of contraception are oestrogen and progesterone pill?
Hormonal
50
What type of contraception are IUS, hormonal coil?
Hormonal
51
What type of contraception are progesterone pill?
Hormonal
52
How does a condom prevent pregnancy? Does it do anything else?
Placed over penis or inside the vagina Prevents STIs Traps sperm
53
How does a diaphragm or cervical cap prevent pregnancy? Does it do anything else?
Inserted into the vagina Covers cervix: stops sperm entering the uterus Not effective unless spermicide not used Should be removed 6+ hours after sex
54
How does a IUS/Coil prevent pregnancy? Does it do anything else?
Inserted into the uterus Releases copper - prevents sperm from surviving Effective for 5-10 years Prevents implantation of a fertilised ovum
55
How does a oestrogen and progesterone pill prevent pregnancy? Does it do anything else?
Prevents ovulation Thickens mucus by increasing hormones and prevents implantation Taken daily for 21 days of menstrual cycle
56
How does a IUS/hormonal coil prevent pregnancy? Does it do anything else?
Inserted into the uterus Produces the same effects as the pill Effective for 3-5 years
57
How does a progesterone pill prevent pregnancy? Does it do anything else?
Thickens mucus from cervix Stops sperm from reaching an ovum Thins uterus lining Preventing implantation Must be taken around the same time everyday
58
What is the most effective form of contraception?
IUS Pills IUD
59
What is the approximate effectiveness of condoms?
98%
60
What are typical causes of infertility?
Blocked sperm ducts Not enough sperm produced in testes Lack of mature eggs produced in ovaries Failure of ovaries to release an egg
61
How does IVF work?
Giving a mother FSH or LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs Eggs collected from mother and fertilised with sperm in a lab Fertilised eggs develop into embryos When they are tiny balls of cells, they’re put into the mothers womb
62
What could IVF result in other than a normal pregnancy?
No pregnancy Multiple pregnancies
63
What are some considerations for IVF?
Not natural Allows infertile parents to conceive Allows older parents to have children Multiple births, dangerous Expensive Allows young women to focus on career and have children later in life
64
Which hormone is important in the fruit ripening process in plants?
Ethene
65
How does a selective herbicide work?
Contains plant hormones Causes excessive elongation/growth Only affects some plants/weeds
66
Effects of gibberellin on plants?
Breaks seed dormancy Elongation of shoots
67
Which 2 hormones peak immediately before ovulation?
Oestrogen FSH LH
68
How could hormones be used by women for contraception?
Inhibits LH Prevents ovulation Inhibits FSH Prevents egg maturing Thickens mucus
69
What is an effect of ethene on plant development?
Stimulates fruit ripening
70
Why can adrenaline be used to treat cuts and bleeding?
Adrenaline reduces blood flow to the skin Less blood lost
71
Where in the ovary is progesterone produced?
Corpu luteum
72
What are the effects on the uterus if a follicle does not increase in size due to less oestrogen?
Lining not repaired correctly Lining will not thicken
73
What is tropism?
Plants detect a stimuli and respond by growing in that particularr direction
74
What is positive tropism?
If a plant grows towards a stimulus
75
What is negative tropism?
If a plant grows against a stimulus
76
What is phototropism?
A plants response to light
77
What is positive phototropism?
Stem grows towards the light
78
What is negative phototropism?
Plant grows away from light
79
What is the function of auxin in plants?
Allows a plant to grow towards or away from a stimulus Auxin in the shoots helps cells grow faster Fruit development - if there was no auxin, the fruits would be too small Auxin in the roots slows down growth
80
What will happen to auxin when a plant senses light/gravity and how will the plant grow?
Auxin spreads unevenly depending on where the light is Uneven spread makes the plants grow faster on one side than the other, causing the plant to bend There is generally more auxin in the shaded side, causing those cells to elongate
81
What does ethene do in plants?
Cause plant fruits to ripen Converts starch into sugar, thats why ripe fruits taste sweeter
82
What do gibberellins do in plants?
Promotes growth especially stem elongation Important for initiating seed germination
83
What are examples of commercial uses of plant hormones?
Killing weeds Promoting root growth Producing seedless fruit Controlling dormancy
84
Why can plant hormones be used to kill weeds?
Selective weedkillers, killing some plants but not others. It may contain a growth hormone that causes weeds to grow too quickly and die
85
Why can plant hormones be used to promote root growth?
Contains auxin Normally if you stick a cutting of a plant into soil, they won’t grow, but adding this rooting powder will produce nre roots/plants rapidly
86
Why can plant hormones be used to produce seedless fruit?
Fruit with seeds normally only grows plants which have been pollinated by insects, if the plant doesn’t get pollinated, fruit and seeds don’t grow If auxins and gibberellins are applied to unpollinated flowers, the seed won’t grow but the fruit will. This makes the fruit without seeds
87
Why can plant hormones be used for controlling dormancy?
Lot’s of seeds will not germinate in certain conditions - known as dormancy Seeds can be treated with gibberellins to alter dormancy aand make them germinate at times of the year that they wouldn’t normally

Biology GCSE (16 decks)

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