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Biology GCSE > B6.3: Part 1 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health > Flashcards

B6.3: Part 1 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease?

A

A condition that is caused by any part of the body not functioning properly

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of diseases?

A

Communicable
Non communicable

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3
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one organism to another

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4
Q

What are non communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be transmitted from one organism to another

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5
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease
Disease causing agents

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

A

Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Bacteria

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7
Q

What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: fungi

A

Athlete’s foot

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8
Q

What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: fungi

A

Powdery mildew

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9
Q

What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: bacteria

A

Tuberculoisis

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10
Q

What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: bacteria

A

Crown gall disease

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11
Q

What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: virus

A

Influenza (flu)

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12
Q

What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

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13
Q

What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: protozoa

A

Malaria

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14
Q

What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: protozoa

A

Coffee phloem disease

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15
Q

What are the causes of non-communicable diseases?

A

Poor diet
Obesity
Inheriting a genetic disorder
Alcohol
Body processes not operating correctly

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16
Q

What are examples of non communicable diseases?

A

Heart disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Mental health diseases

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17
Q

What are conditions where communicable and non-communicable ae linked?

A

HPV
HIV —> AIDS

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18
Q

How can pathogens enter the body?

A

Cuts in skin
Digestive system
Reproductive system - during sex
Respiratory system

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19
Q

How can pathogens spread in plants?

A

Insects
Direct contact of an infected plants sap with a healthy sap
Wind - infected seeds blown

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20
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The period between an exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms

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21
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

They can only reproduce by ‘taking over’ and using a host organism’s cells to make more viruses

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22
Q

What are host cells?

A

Cells which get invaded and are used for viral replication

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23
Q

What is the incidence of a disease?

A

The rate at which new cases occur in a population over a period of time

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24
Q

What might the typical study of non communicable diseases involve?

A

Look at number of cases per 10,000 people, per year, over a 10 year period
Outcomes provide scientists with evidence for the effectiveness of disease treatments or prevention techniques

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25
How can you prevent communicable diseases? (7 ways)
Washing hands Protection Not touching infected people/objects Cook food properly Drink clean water Not sharing needles Covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
26
What happens in athelte’s foot?
Cracked, itchy, flaking skin Treated using an anti fungal cream
27
How can you get athlete’s foot?
If your feet are in a damp and humid environment (these conditions favour the organism growth)
28
What is food poisoning?
An illness caused by eating food that has been contaminated with harmful bacteria
29
How do you get food poisoning?
Growth of microorganisms in food —> caused by eating raw/undercooked food
30
What are symptoms of food poisoning?
Sickness Diarrhoea Stomach cramps Fever
31
How can STIs be prevented?
Condoms Check yourself regularly and have your partner checked
32
What are STDs?
Infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact
33
What is HIV?
Invades white blood cells and reproduces inside cell. This weakens the immune system
34
What is HIV caused by?
Virus
35
What are AIDS?
AIDS is the end stage of the HIV infection. At this point, the virus has attacked and weakened a persons immune system. The human can no longer fight infections
36
How are diseases identified?
By its DNA or antigens
37
What happens once a disease is identified among plants?
Burning infected plants Spraying fungicides to prevent fungal disease Chemical dips for footwear to kill pathogens
38
What happens once a disease is identified among animals?
Using drugs to treat animals
39
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
Mottled or discoloured leaves
40
What pathogen is tobacco mosaic virus caused by?
Virus
41
What is the treatment for TMV?
Planting resistant crops Removing infected plants
42
How is TMV transmitted?
Direct contact
43
What are the symptoms of Crown Gall Disease?
Big, tumour-like galls
44
What pathogen is CGD caused by?
Bacteria
45
How is CGD treated?
Resistant crops Remove infected plants
46
How is CGD transmitted?
Direct contact Open wound
47
What are the symptoms of Powdery Mildew?
White powdery spots
48
What pathogen causes powdery mildew?
Fungi
49
What environment does it need to be for powdery mildew to occur?
High humidity Moderate temps
50
What is the treatment for powdery mildew?
Burning infected plants
51
How is powdery mildew transmitted?
Spores - a cell that certain, fungi/plants produce
52
What are the 2 types of defences?
Chemical Physical
53
What are the bodys physical defence against disease?
Skin Mucus Tears Saliva Earwax Stomach acid
54
What are physical defences?
Defences that physically prevent the entry of pathogens
55
What are the physical defences in plants?
Waxy cuticles Plant cells surrounded by cell walls Dead layer of cells covering stem
56
What are chemical defences?
Substances secreted by plants that kill microorganisms
57
What are examples of chemical defences in plants?
Cyanide - apple seeds Ricin - castor oil
58
How does a cuticle aid the plant in defence?
Prevent water loss
59
How does a cell walls aid the plant in defence?
Provides excellent barrier
60
What are the 3 steps to identifying a plant disease?
Observation: spots? Microscopy DNA analysis
61
How can plant diseases be identified in the labartory?
DNA analysis Identification of antigens
62
How does DNA analysis aid with the identification of plant diseases?
Scientists compare an unknown plant pathogen’s genome to a known DNA profile. If a match is found, an accurate diagnosis can be made.
63
How does the identification of antigens aid with the identification of plant diseases?
Plant pathogens carry specific antigens on their surfaces. These can be identified through chemical analysis and so the pathogen can be identified
64
What is rose black spot?
A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early
65
What is a scab?
Dried blood clot
66
Why does a scab form?
To stop bacteria from entering the body
67
How does the body defend itself if microorganisms enter your body?
Phagocytes Lymphocytes
68
How do phagocytes aid humans?
These cells ingest/engulf microorganisms
69
How do lymphocytes aid humans?
Make antitoxins or antibodies
70
What are antitoxins?
Antibodies against toxins
71
What are antibodies?
Substances created in the body to attack specific foreign substances called antigens
72
What are microorganisms?
Small, living organisms that can only be seen through a microscope
73
To prevent microorganisms entering…
The skin needs to seal a cut asap by forming a scab This also stops you losing too much blood
74
What are non specific defence responses from the body? (5 options)
Skin (oil) Acid in stomach Cilia and mucus Nasal hairs Tears (enzymes)
75
How does the body gain immunity after getting a disease?
After a disease has been removed, white blood cells are able to make the antibodies more quickly if an infection occurs again. The body now has immunity - the antibodies destroy the pathogens before they cause sickness
76
What do platelets do to defend the body?
Help the body form a scab so excessive blood doesn’t leave the body
77
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell They’re all identical and will only target 1 specific antigen
78
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from mouses? Step 1
A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen and the mouses body makes its own antibodies
79
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from mouses? Step 2
Scientists fuse antibodies and antigen cells to produce hybridoma cells - these replicate rapidly
80
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from mouses? Step 3
Antibodies separated and then collected
81
How are monoclonal antibodies used to detect cancer?
Be recognising and finding specific proteins on cancer/antigen cells
82
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
A hormone found in the urine of pregnant women. Hormone binds to antibodies on the stick which turn the stick blue If the women is not pregnant, the antibodies have nothing to bind to so will not change colour
83
How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer?
When injected into a persons body, monoclonal antibodies will bind with these cancer cells and clump them together Makes it easier to identify tumour Lump of cells formed as a result of uncontrolled cell division, which can then be treated/removed
84
What are antimicrobial substances?
A substance used in chemical defences to kill microorganisms
85
What are vaccines?
Weakened pathogens that stimulate the body’s immune system, prepared to fight the virus
86
What is an antibiotic?
Kills bacteria NOT viruses
87
What is aseptic technique?
A procedure used by medical staff to prevent the spread of infection
88
What are antivirals?
Used to treat viral infections by stopping viruses from replicating
89
What are antiseptics?
Chemical agents that kill/inhibit growth of microorganisms when applied to surfaces
90
What is preclinical testing?
Testing in a lab on cells, tissues and live animals
91
What is clinical testing?
Testing on people
92
How are new drugs developed?
Synthesized by chemists
93
What is step 1 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
95
What is step 2 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on live animals Checks drugs toxicity and dosage Britain says it must be tested on 2 different live animals
96
What is step 3 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on healthy human volunteers to make sure there are no harmful side effects Start with low dosage and increase it
97
What is step 4 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on people with ilness and optimum dosage that is found Dosage that is most effective with fewest side effects is used
98
What happens after the drug is released?
After released, it’s still observed for any side effects
99
How long can it take for drugs to be released to the public
10-15 yrs
100
What is a double blind study?
Neither patients nor doctors know who is getting the placebo
101
What is the placebo effect?
When a persons health improves after taking a fake treatment/placebo
102
In what circumstances can’t you initially test on human cells/tissues?
If you want to test drugs that affect the WHOLE body systems (blood pressure)

Biology GCSE (16 decks)

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