B6.3: Part 2 - Non-communicable Diseases

Question 1

How can smoking increase the risk of non communicable diseases?

Answer 1

Tar - collects in the lengs when smokes cools: causes cancer

Question 2

How can alcohol increase the risk of non communicable diseases?

Answer 2

Alcohol contains ethanol, effects nervous system by slowing down the chemical reactions in the body. Can cause stomach ulcers, heart disease and brain damage (memory loss, depression)

Question 3

What is Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 3

A disease of the heart or blood vessels

Question 4

What happens in Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 4

Blood flow to the heart, body or blood can be reduced by the build up of fatty deposits inside an artery

Question 5

What can increase the risk of Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 5

Poor diet
Too little excercise
Smoke
High BP

Question 6

How does diet affect the risk of Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 6

Too much salt results in more water being absorbed back into the body —> excess water causes high BP
Diet high in saturated fats increases risk

Question 7

How does excercise affect the risk of Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 7

Lower body mass means less of the food you eat is stored as fat
Healthier joints
Lower cholestrol

Question 8

Define coronary

Answer 8

Referring to or associated with the heart

Question 9

Where do you find the coronary arteries?

Answer 9

Surface of the heart

Question 10

What causes coronary heart disease?

Answer 10

A build up of fatty material inside the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow to the heart

Question 11

Why is coronary heart disease dangerous?

Answer 11

It reduces blood flow to the heart. This means the supply of oxygen is reduced and does not reach the cells fast enough. This can lead to pain, a heart attack and even death

Question 12

How can cardiovascular disease be treated LIFESTYLE-WISE?

Answer 12

Eating less processed food
Excercising regularly
Reducing alcohol consumption
Stopping smoking

Question 13

What is cancer the result of?

Answer 13

Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

Question 14

How is cardiovascular disease treated MEDICALLY?

Answer 14

Statins
Antiplatelets
Beta blockers
Nitrates

Question 15

How is cardiovascular disease treated SURGICALLY?

Answer 15

Replacing damaged valves
Widening partially blocked arteries using a stent
Avoiding blocked coronary arteries using blood vessels from other areas of the body

Question 16

How can statins be used to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 16

Reduce blood cholestrol by preventing its formation
Cause the liver to remove more cholestrol from the blood

Question 17

How can antiplatelets be used to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 17

Reduce heart attack risk by reducing the stickiness of blood platelets causing less clotting

Question 18

How can beta blockers be used to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 18

Reduce high bp by blocking the effects of adrenaline - slows heartbeat

Question 19

How can nitrates be used to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 19

Widen blood vessels by relaxing blood vessel walls, allowing more blood to flow through at a lower pressure

Question 20

What are the side effects of using statins to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 20

Upset stomach

Question 21

What are the side effects of using antiplatelets to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 21

Internal bleeding

Question 22

What are the side effects of using beta blockers to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 22

Dizziness and tiredness

Question 23

What are the side effects of using nitrates to treat cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 23

Headaches
Dizziness

Question 24

How would a heart be surgically treated if it is severely damaged?

Answer 24

Heart transplant would be required

Question 25

What is an organ transplant?

Answer 25

Damaged organs can be replaced with donated organs

Question 26

In many instances, the patients body can reject the organ transplant. Why?

Answer 26

If an organ is incorrectly matched, the body will recognise the organ as a foreign material and the immune system will destroy it

Question 27

In many instances, the patients body can reject the organ transplant. How can you reduce the risk of rejection?

Answer 27

Ensure tissues are matched and recipient receives a donated organ with a similar tissue type FOR EX. Donor and recipient must have same blood group Immunosuppressant drugs - increase chance of IS accepting it

Question 28

How can stem cells be used to treat medical conditions?

Answer 28

Testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness Reversing damage caused by diseases

Question 29

How can stem cells reverse the damage caused by diseases?

Answer 29

Manufacturing new brain cells to treat parkinsons Rebuilding bones and cartilage to treat certain athritis Making replacement heart valves

Question 30

What is stem cell therapy?

Answer 30

Gives great potential to treat many medican conditions however, many concerns are still about long term side effects (cancer)

Question 31

What is atheroma?

Answer 31

Degredation of the walls of the arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue - leads to restriction of the circulation

Question 33

What is thrombosis?

Answer 33

Formation of a blood clot

Question 34

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 34

An excessive localised enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall

Question 35

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 35

When blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart Heart muscle becomes injured due to not receiving enough oxygen

Question 36

Which part of the heart brings oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Answer 36

Pulmonary vein

Question 37

How does an artificial heart aid when circulation goes wrong?

Answer 37

To keep people alive when waiting for a new transplant but NEEDS a power source

Question 38

How do artificial valves aid?

Answer 38

Control direction of blood flow

Question 40

What are mechanical valves made of?

Answer 40

Man made metals

Question 41

What are biological valves made of?

Answer 41

Human/animal tissue

Question 42

What are stents

Answer 42

Used to keep coronary arteries open

Question 43

Risks of using gene technology in medicine

Answer 43

Cancer Rejections Allergy

Question 44

Benefits of using gene technology in medicine

Answer 44

Can cure inherited diseases

Question 44

Which stem cells are newly found, can be frozen and stored to treat a condition later in the child’s life?

Answer 44

Umbilical cord stem cells

Question 45

What is gene therapy?

Answer 45

The transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders

Question 46

Why is it important to understand the human genome?

Answer 46

Search for genes linked to different types of disease Understanding and treatment of inherited disorders

Question 47

What are the steps of gene therapy?

Answer 47

Scientists first identify the defective gene and pick a vector (like a virus) to deliver the healthy version. The modified vector is introduced into the patient’s body or cells in a lab. Once inside, the new gene helps produce the right protein. Doctors then monitor the patient to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Question 48

The main dificulty in gene therapy is inserting the allele into target cells. Why?

Answer 48

Healthy alleles may not go into every target cell Healthy alleles may join chromosomes in random places so they do not work properly

Question 49

Suggest one disadantage of being genetically screened for a disease

Answer 49

potential for psychological stress

Question 50

What possible future medical advances in gene therapy may be made?

Answer 50

Locating genes linked to inherited diseases Developing drugs that directly target disease causing genes Developing new gene therapy treatments Developing personalised medicine as per your genetic makeup

Question 51

Name the enzyme used to join 2 sections of DNA together in genetic engineering

Answer 51

Ligase

Question 52

Many people will prefer to use antibodies made from bacteria and viruses rather than from rats. Why?

Answer 52

The bacteria and virus method does not use mice Killing mice is cruel/unethical

Question 53

Why does scientists work need to be peer reviewed?

Answer 53

To make sure it is reproducible Check for errors Make sure it worked/was safe

Question 54

What is an advantage of growing crop plants by hydroponics?

Answer 54

The plants can be grown where there is poor soil

Question 55

What is used to cut DNA molecules in genetic engineering?

Answer 55

Restriction enzymes

Question 56

What is a similarity between selective breeding and natural selection?

Answer 56

Only some organisms reproduce

Question 57

What is the release of undigested food from the body?

Answer 57

Egestion

Question 58

Excretion

Answer 58

The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

Question 59

When a person has measles, they are unlikely to be ill again with the disease for many years Why?

Answer 59

Memory cells remain in the blood and can release antibodies

Question 60

Why was HPV offered to females aged 12 and 13?

Answer 60

HPV has been linked to about 70% of cases of cervical cancer but does not CAUSE it

Question 61

What is an adaptation of white blood cells?

Answer 61

Their ability to change shape to pass out of capillaries

Question 62

Heart disease kills thousands of people in britain every year Why is it difficult to decide why a person gets heart disease?

Answer 62

Heart disease is caused by the interaction of many factors

Question 63

What pathogen causes HIV?

Answer 63

Virus

Question 64

What is the most effective treatment for HIV?

Answer 64

Antivirals

Question 65

What is an example of the type of treatment used in genomic medicine?

Answer 65

Designing drugs that are specific to a particular variant of a gene

Question 66

What is the role of antibiotic resistance markers in producing genetically engineered bacteria?

Answer 66

To identify which bacteria have taken up the plasmid

Question 67

Why can tumour cells be used in the process of making monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 67

They replicate rapidly