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B3 Book Work Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a harmful microbe

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2
Q

Why are viruses harmful?

A

they reproduce inside cells and burst/damage them

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3
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella and how do you prevent?

A

Symptoms- fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
Prevention- food cooked well, chickens vaccinated in UK

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4
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea and how do you prevent?

A

Symptoms- pain when urinating, unusual discharge
Prevention- avoid unsafe sex, use barriers, anti-biotics

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you ill?

A

produce harmful toxins

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6
Q

How is measles spread?

A

droplets from sneezes and coughs

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7
Q

How is HIV/AIDS spread?

A

unprotected sex

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8
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV) spread?

A

leaves touching

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9
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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10
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV and how is it spread?

A

Symptoms- fever, tiredness, feel ill then good but still attacks
Spread- exchange of bodily fluids, needles, blood, breast milk, also sex

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12
Q

Why is HIV hard to treat?

A

Has a high mutation rate and replicates inside of cells

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13
Q

How can HIV be treated and what are the drugs?

A

Can’t be cured but can be managed using antiretroviral drugs which stop viruses replicating

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14
Q

What is the difference between AIDS and HIV?

A

HIV is a virus and AIDS is a syndrome, when HIV isn’t treated it develops into AIDS

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15
Q

What are causes, symptoms and prevention strategies of Rose Black Spot?

A

Cause- fungus spread by water and wind
Symptoms- purple/black spots, turns yellow
Prevention- use fungicides or destroy infected leaves

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16
Q

What are causes, symptoms and prevention strategies of Malaria?

A

Cause- infected mosquitoes (protists)
Symptoms- episodes of fever, can be fatal
Prevention- use bed nets, spray still water with insecticide

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17
Q

What is avector?

A

an organism that carries infection

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18
Q

What are 5 things to consider when looking at disease data?

A

sample size, misdiagnosis, time scale, if all cases are recorded, any bias

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19
Q

What are the 6 outer body defences to stop pathogens entering?

A

-nose lined with small hairs and mucus
-trachea and bronchi contain hairs and mucus as well
-white blood cells fight pathogens
-platelets form scabs to rebuild skin barrier
- stomach uses hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens
- skin produces oils and is physical barrier to microorganisms

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20
Q

How does when your white blood cells ingest microorganisms protect you from disease?

A

The phagocytes find pathogens and engulf. The pathogen gets broken down. Phagocytes use antigens to locate clumps of pathogens.

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21
Q

How does when your white blood cells produce antibodies protect you from disease?

A

Antibodies are released by lymphocytes and find antigens. They will then recognise the pathogen if it returns, meaning phagocytes can find they and destroy them quicker.

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22
Q

How does when your white blood cells produce antitoxins protect you from disease?

A

Antitoxins are released to remove toxins and counteract them. Pathogens release toxins and antitoxins stop them infecting healthy cells

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23
Q

What are vaccines?

A

a small sample of dead or inactive pathogen particles

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24
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

when as long as a certain amount of the population is vaccinated it protects people who can’t have vaccinations so the pathogen struggles to spread

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25
Explain the three stages of a vaccination graph.
1) The injection is given and antibodies are made to destroy pathogen 2) Some antibodies remain in blood 3) If exposed to pathogen again, more antibodies are made quicker
26
Why do some vaccines require boosters?
antibodies breakdown overtime or the pathogen has mutated
27
What is the difference between painkillers, antibiotics and antiseptic?
painkillers- reduce pain to make you feel better but don't kill pathogen antibiotics- target and kill bacteria inside the body antiseptic- kill bacteria outside body
28
How do you create an uncontaminated culture of microorganisms
- Petri dishes sterilized before use to kill unwanted microorganisms - inoculating loop to transfer pathogen, sterilize with flame - lid of petri dish sealed with tape to stop air contamination
29
Who discovered penicillin?
Fleming
30
What is a disease where penicillin is helpful?
Staphylococcus
31
Why is it hard to create medicines for viruses?
viruses reproduce inside of cells so it's hard to make drugs that won't damage the body tissues as well
32
What is antibiotic resistance?
when an antibiotic won't work
33
What is MRSA?
any strain of the bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics
34
Which part of MRSA mustates?
DNA
35
Why is it important to complete a course of antibiotics?
reduce chances of new strains arising from mutations, more resistant strains survive longer and reproduce
36
Why is MRSA a problem in hosptals?
Patients are already weak so there's a higher chance of infection
37
How can MRSA be teated?
new antibiotics, high doses
38
What are 2 ways hospitals can prevent the spread of MRSA?
1) ensure patients complete full antibiotic course 2) practise good hygiene
39
What is digitalis extracted from and what is the purpose of this drug?
From- foxglove For- heart drug
40
What is aspirin extracted from and what is the purpose of this drug?
From- willow tree For- painkiller
41
What does toxicity mean in drug trials?
if there is harm done or any side effects
42
What are new drugs tested on during pre-clinical trails?
human cells and tissues
43
Why are drugs tested on volunteers first?
prevents further harm to those with weaker immune systems?
44
Why are low amounts of the drug given first in a trial?
in case of harmful side effects
45
What does the term dose mean?
amount of medication
46
What does the term efficacy mean?
how well the drug treats the disease
47
What is a double blind trial and why is it used?
when patient and doctor don't know who gets the real drug and who gets the placebo to avoid bias
48
What is a placebo and why are they used
a fake drug so you can see a comparison between something with no effect and the drug you're testing
49
Why are drug tests peer eviewed?
to make sure science is accurate with no mistakes
50
What is a monoclonal antibody?
identical copies of one type of antibody
51
When using animals for testing, they need?
- to have similar systems to humans - easy to keep/don't take up much space - not endangered or danger to humans
52
What happens at the reaction site on a pregnancy test?
Contains mobile antibodies with a dye enzyme attached that are free to move up the stick and detect HCG. This is where you pee
53
What happens at the test site on a pregnancy test?
Has more antibodies to test for HCG which are fixed to the test strip and dye substrate. If the hormone is present it binds to the antibodies and moves up the stick.
54
What happens at the control site on a pregnancy test?
Has more antibodies to mobile antibodies which are fixed to the test strip and dye substrate. Have another antibody to bond to the unused original antibody to show the test worked.
55
How does detecting chemicals/molecules work and what are advantages and disadvantages?
How it works- monoclonal antibodies can be designed to bind to certain molecules so can be used in tests that identify the presence of substances with high accuracy A- high specificity, sensitivity, versatility D- cost, complexity, potential for cross reactivity
56
How does drug delivery work and what are advantages and disadvantages?
How it works- monoclonal antibodies can be designed to bind to antigens on diseased cells, allows them to deliver drugs directly and minimize damage to healthy cell A- precision, versatility, combination therapy D- cost, side effects, resistance
57
How does disease treatment work and what are advantages and disadvantages?
How it works- monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of a single antibody. A- specificity, versatility, combination therapy D- cost, side effects, resistance
58
What are advantages and disadvantages of a lateral flow test?
A- inexpensive, quick results, specificity, mass made, control D- skill to make, initial cost, side effects, if antigen changes then antibody won't work
59
What are the 8 symptoms of plant disease?
discolouration, spotting on leaves, stunted growth, areas of decay, growth, malformed leaves, malformed stems, presence of pests
60
Yellow leaves are a sign of what?
chlorosis
61
Plant diseases can be identified in 3 ways.
-gardening manual/website - test plant in lab -test kit with monoclonal antibodies
62
Why do plants need ,magnesium and nitrates?
M- to make chlorophyll N- to make protein
63
What are mechanical defences of a plant?
Idioblasts- fire barbed calcium oxalate crystals into mouths of predator with venom causes paralysis or muteness Spines- defend stems of plant from succulent eaters, shade Prickles- pointed protuberances from epidermis, sharp
64
What are physical defences of a plant?
Cell wall- controls what comes in/out of cell, protect it Drooping- plants droop when not given enough water, reminds people to water, pick themselves up again Plasmodesmata- holes to allow plant to carry out functions
65
What are chemical defences of a plant?
Poison- prevent animals eating, cyanide in apple seeds Antibacterial enzymes- chemicals like witch hazel and mint to stay clean and bacteria free, used in things like toothpaste Excess stimulation- plants with caffeine warn off predators with overstimulation
66
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
-Stimulate mouse lymphocytes(white blood cells) to make a particular antibody -Combine lymphocytes with tumour cell to make a hybridoma -This cell clones in large amounts until it's collected and purified

Biology (7 decks)

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