B3.2 Transport HL

Question 1

What is tissue fluid?

Answer 1

Tissue fluid, also known as interstitial fluid, is formed from blood plasma that is pushed through capillary walls into surrounding tissues, containing water, ions, hormones, and nutrients.

Question 2

How is tissue fluid released from capillaries?

Answer 2

Tissue fluid is released from capillaries by a process called ultrafiltration, where blood plasma is pushed out of the capillary wall into surrounding tissue due to hydrostatic pressure.

Question 3

How is tissue fluid reuptaken by capillaries?

Answer 3

Tissue fluid is reuptaken by capillaries primarily at the venule end, where lower hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary allows fluid to be drawn back in.

Question 4

What is the composition of plasma compared to tissue fluid?

Answer 4

Plasma contains plasma proteins, platelets, red and white blood cells, and has higher concentrations of oxygen and nutrients compared to tissue fluid.

Question 5

How does tissue fluid composition compare to plasma?

Answer 5

Tissue fluid has lower concentrations of oxygen and nutrients compared to plasma and lacks plasma proteins and blood cells

Question 6

What happens to excess tissue fluid not reuptaken by capillaries?

Answer 6

Excess tissue fluid not reuptaken by capillaries drains into lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph.

Question 7

Describe the drainage of excess tissue fluid into lymph ducts.

Answer 7

Excess tissue fluid enters lymphatic capillaries in the interstitial space, where it becomes lymph, a fluid that is eventually returned to the circulatory system.

Question 8

What is the role of lymph in the body?

Answer 8

Lymph, containing excess tissue fluid, white blood cells, proteins, and other substances, helps transport immune cells and remove foreign particles and toxins from the body.

Question 9

Single Circulation

Answer 9

Blood passes through the heart once per cycle, seen in bony fish

Question 10

Double Circulation

Answer 10

Blood passes through the heart twice per cycle, characteristic of mammals

Question 11

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 11

Part of double circulation where blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back

Question 12

Systemic Circulation

Answer 12

Part of double circulation where blood is pumped from the heart to the body and back

Question 13

Thick Left Ventricle Wall

Answer 13

Adaptation in mammals to pump blood at high pressure to the entire body

Question 14

Cardiac Cycle Stages

Answer 14

Includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole

Question 15

Atrial Systole

Answer 15

Stage where atria contract to push blood into ventricles

Question 16

Ventricular Systole

Answer 16

Stage where ventricles contract to push blood into arteries

Question 17

Root Pressure

Answer 17

Root pressure is generated in xylem vessels due to the active transport of mineral ions from the soil into root hair cells. This reduces the water potential inside the root hair, causing water to move into the root by osmosis, thus creating root pressure.

Question 18

What is the main function of xylem?

Answer 18

The primary function of xylem is to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

Question 19

Phloem Sieve Tubes

Answer 19

Phloem sieve tubes are specialized for the translocation of sap. They have a reduced cytoplasm and lack a nucleus, allowing more space for sap transport.

Question 20

Companion Cells

Answer 20

Companion cells in phloem tissue aid in nutrient transport. They have many mitochondria to produce ATP necessary for active transport of nutrients into the phloem

Question 21

How is sap translocated in plants?

Answer 21

Sap is translocated through the phloem from a source (like leaves) to a sink (like roots), involving active transport of sugars into the phloem, creating a flow of water and solutes.

Question 22

Transpiration

Answer 22

Transpiration is the process of water loss from aerial parts of the plant, creating a negative pressure that helps pull water through the xylem.

Question 23

What are the adaptations of phloem tissue for sap transport?

Answer 23

Phloem adaptations include sieve plates for sap flow, reduced cytoplasm in sieve tube elements for more space, and companion cells with mitochondria for energy.

Question 24

Osmosis in Plants

Answer 24

Osmosis in plants involves the movement of water from a region of lower solute concentration (soil) to a region of higher solute concentration (root cells), fundamental for water uptake and root pressure generation.